Urinary System Flashcards
What is a calyx?
Papillary ducts: receives urine from minor calyx and major calyx and then out the renal pelvis and then out the ureters
Hilums- what are they?
In the cavity of the renal sinus which contains the
renal pelvis,
the calcyces and
branches of renal blood vessels
and nerves
Blood supply starts in the hilum in the renal artery off the abdominal aorta
How much urine is excreted per day?
700-800 mls (1-2 litres a day)
Which levels in the spinal cord use the micturition reflex?
S2 and S3
What is the detruser mm
What are the layers?
The muscle in the muscular is of the bladder is called the DETRUSOR muscle and is made of
3 layers
Inner longitudinal,
middle circular and
outer longitudinal
What is the micturition reflex?
Peeing
In the detrusor- the middle circular smooth muscle fibers form an ……. And a …..? What controls these?
Internal urethral sphincter
Controlled by the autonomic nervous system and under
InVoluntary control
And
Skeletal muscles form an
External urethral sphincter- under voluntary control
Internal sphincter is relaxed when peeing
Blood supply of kidneys from abdominal aorta to kidney
- Renal artery off the abdominal aorta into the hilum
- Segmental arteries
- Interlobar
- Arcuate
- Cortical radiate
- Affererent arterioles
- Glomerular capillaries
- Efferent arterioles
What organ is not involved in the RAAS system?
Spleen
Which hormone increases GFR?
ANP
Filtrate passes though a nephron in this order?
PCT
Descending limb
Ascending limb
DCT
Collecting duct
Which hormone increases the permeability by increasing expression in the principle cells of the DCT?
ADH (aquaporins)
Hat is not secreted in the filtrate at the PCT?
Glucose
What is primary active transport?
Sodium - Potassium pump
(sodium one way- potassium the other)
What are symporters
Transports in the same direction
What are antiporters?
Can trade one thing for another
Which type of transport uses a symporter and antiporter?
Secondary
What does the pituitary gland secrete?
Hormones- antidiuretic hormone
Transport mechanisms
(use sodium/potassium pump and ATP)
Obligatory water reabsorption (homeostasis)
vs
facultative water reabsorption
( the body working to make this happen)
What are both of these mechanisms?
Obligatory water reabsorption
Water that follows solutes, it is obliged to follow, in PCT and descending loop of henle
Facultative water reabsorption
The last 10% of water respiration
Regulated by ADH and aldosterone on principal cells in the collecting ducts
What are all the water numbers for reabsorption that Alex drew on the board? (And in slides)?
65% - PCT
15% descending loop
20% - DCT
65% most reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule
( the PCT is the most salty area of the Nephron)
What is secreted in distal convoluted tubules?
Potassium
Hydrogen
What are examples of diuretics?
Caffeine
and
alcohol
What are the functions of the urinary system?
- Excretion of water
- Regulation of blood ions
- Regulation of blood ions
- Regulation of blood volume
- Regulation of blood pressure
- Maintenance of blood osmolarity
Functions of urinary system
What does “excretion of wastes” mean?
Mostly nitrogenous wastes like
ammonia
Creatinine
Uric acid
Urobilin
Functions of the urinary system
What does “regulation of blood ions” mean?
Mostly sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Chloride
And
Phosphates
By adjusting what stays in the blood and what is secreted in the urine
Urinary system
What does “regulation of blood PH” mean?
By excreting hydrogen ions or conserving bicarbonate ions an important buffer in the blood for H+
Functions of the urinary system
“Regulation of blood volume”
By conserving or secreting less or more water
Increases the blood volume
Increase blood pressure and vice versa
Urinary system
“Regulation of blood pressure”
Meaning
Secretes
enzyme RENIN
Activates the RAAS
Increases blood pressure
Functions of urinary system
“Maintenance of blood osmolarity”
Meaning?
Number of dissolved particles per L of solution
What volume can the urinary bladder hold?
700-800 ml (1-2 litres a day) excreted
200-400 ml pressure on the walls of the bladder- nerve impulse to brain
When is incontinence normal and not?
A lack of voluntary control of micturition
Normal in infants up to 2-3 years old
Because the muscles are not fully developed yet
Trace the flow of urine/filtrate through kidney in order….
Nephron
Collecting duct
Papillary duct
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
What are the 2 types of nephrons?
And which ones dip further into the medulla?
Juxtramedullary nephron
- 15-20% of all nephrons, located deep in the cortex close to the medulla
LONG loops of Henle
Cortical Nephron
- 80-85% of all nephrons
Located on the outer portion of the cortex
SHORT loops of henle that dip into the medulla just slightly
Only have a thick segment
What are the Renal Corpuscle made of?
Glomerulus
- glomerular capillaries, where filtration takes place
Glomerular capsule or bowman’s capsule
- surrounds the glomerular capillaries
What types of cells are part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
What is their functions?
Where are they located?
macula dense cells
Specialized cells int he ascending loop of henle
juxtaglomerular cells
Modified smooth muscle fibers that are specialized cells in the wall of the afferent arterioles -
They secrete RENIN
