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A&P > GASTROINTESTINAL > Flashcards

GASTROINTESTINAL Flashcards

1
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

Also called the GI tract- mouth to anus- plus accessory organs (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)

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2
Q

What are the walls of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa
Sub mucosa
Muscular is
Serous/adventita

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3
Q

What is mucosa?

A

Inner layer- has 3 distinct layers
Epithelium- epithelial cells- rapid renewal, comes into contact with digested food
Lamina propria- many blood vessels and lymph tissues MALT lives here
Muscularis mucosa- smooth muscle fibers, has many folds for better absorption especially in stomach and small intestines

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4
Q

What is submucosa?

A

Binds muscles to muscularis layers, many blood vessels and lymphatic vessels and a neural plexus called the sub mucosal plexus

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5
Q

What is the muscularis layer?

A

Muscle layers
Skeletal muscle (voluntary) in mouth, pharynx, esophagus and external sphincters
Smooth muscle ( involuntary) everywhere else, contains the Myentaric neural plexus, these muscles contract and relax to help break down food and mix it with secretions and propel it forward
Inner sheet of circular fibers
Outer sheet- of longitudinal fibers

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6
Q

What is the serous a/adventitia layer do?

A

Outermost layer
A serous membrane
Attaches organs to surrounding tissues in the abdominal cavity
Not found in esophagus
This layer is also called the visceral peritoneum

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7
Q

What does the salivary glands do-

A

Produce saliva or salivary amylase (breaks down carbs)
Begin the chemical breakdown of food
Controlled by parasympathetic of ANS

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8
Q

Where is the parotid gland?

A

In cheek

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9
Q

Where is submandibular?

A

Floor of mouth

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10
Q

Where is sublingual

A

Beneath the tongue

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11
Q

What kind of muscles does the tongue have?

A

Skeletal muscles covered by a mucus membrane

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12
Q

What are the tongues extrinsic muscles?

A

Originate outside the tongue, move food around to form a blus

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13
Q

Hat do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

Originate inside the tongue, and changes shape

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14
Q

What does the surface of the surface of the tongue do/have?

A

Covered with papillae with taste buds

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15
Q

What does the lingual glands do?

A

Secrete mucus, lingual lipase (triglyceride digestion)

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16
Q

What does teeth do in digestion?

A

In sockets in mandible and maxilla bones held in by periodontal ligaments

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17
Q

What is the pharynx composed of and what does it contain?

A

Skeletal tissue and lined with mucus membranes
Nasophaynx
Orophayrnx
Larynfopharynx

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18
Q

Peritoneum- what is it and what are the 2 layers called?

A

Wraps around the abdonminopelvic organs
The largest serous membrane in the body
Made of large folds that bind organs together and bind them to the abdominal walls
2 layers filled with a lubricating serous fluid called
Parietal peritoneum- lines the walls of the abdominal cavity
Visceral- covers the alimentary canal and some organs in the abdominal cavity

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19
Q

The largest folds of the peritoneum have names- what are they?

A

Greater omentum
Lesser omentum
Mesentary
Mesocolon
Falciform ligament

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20
Q

What is the greater omentum

A

Largest peritoneum fold
Called the “fatty apron”
Drapes over the transverse colon and small intestines
Many blood vessels
Lymph nodes
Lymph nodes
Adipose tissue like a “beer belly”

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21
Q

What is in the retroperitoneal space?

A

Kidney and ureters
Most of the pancrease
Adrenal glands
Aorta (abdominal)
Inferior vena cava

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22
Q

Esophagus-what is its role?

A

Secretes mucus and transport food to stomach by peristalsis

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23
Q

What does the superior/upper 1/3?

A

Skeletal muscle (upper sphincter lives here)

24
Q

Hat does the middle 1/3 esophagus consist of?

A

Both
Skeletal muscle
And
Smooth muscles

25
Q

What does the inferior or lower 1/3 esophagus

A

Smooth muscles (lower sphincter lives here)

26
Q

Pancreatic amylase

A

Carbohydrates digestion

27
Q

Typsin (inactive form)

A

Protein digestion

28
Q

Chymotrypsin (activated by ?)

A

Activated by trypsin
Protein digestion

29
Q

Carboxypeptidase (activated by?)

A

Activated by trypsin
Digests protein

30
Q

Elastase

A

Activated by trypsin
Protein digestion

31
Q

Pancreatic lipase

A

Triglyceride digestion

32
Q

Ribonuclease

A

RNA digestion

33
Q

Deoxyribonuclease

A

DNA digestion

34
Q

Salivary amylase

A

From salivary glands
Digests carbohydrates

35
Q

Lingual lipase

A

Lingual gland
Digests triglycerides

36
Q

Gastric juices

A

Pepsin
Stomach chief cells
Digests proteins into peptides

37
Q

Gastric lipase

A

Stomach chief cells
Digest triglycerides

38
Q

Pancreatic juices

A

[pancreatic amylase
Digests Carbohydrates

39
Q

What do chief cells do- and where are they found?

A

Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

40
Q

Parties all cells in the stomach

A

Produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor (for absorption of B12)

41
Q

Stomach g-cells

A

Secretes a hormone called gastric

42
Q

Stomach anatomy

A

Cardia
Fun days
Body
Pyloric antrum
Pylorus
Rugged- large folds in the mucosa that allow it to fully expand when full
Pyloric sphincter

43
Q

Mucous neck cells

A

Secrete alkaline mucus (protective layer from acid)

44
Q

What is the pancreas made up of?

A

99%
Clusters of cells called acini that secrete fluids and digestive enzymes called pancreatic juices
1%
Clusters of cells called pancreatic islet that secrete hormones (glucagon, insulin somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide)

45
Q

What is pancreatic juices?

A

Mostly
Water
Salts

Bicarbonate
Enzymes

46
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Separates lobes

47
Q

Coronary ligament

A

Attaches liver to diaphragm

48
Q

Ligamentum teres

A

(Round ligament )
Forms part of the Falciform ligament and attaches liver to the umbilicus

49
Q

What is the liver anatomy

A

Hilum
Capsules
Associated vessels
Canals
Ducts and
Ligaments

50
Q

Emulsification means

A

Breaks down fats

51
Q

Where are kupffer cells?

A

Liver

52
Q

What are liver cells called?

A

Hepatocytes

53
Q

Kupffer cells

A

Clean up crew- phagocytes

54
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Brings deoxygenated blood that is fresh from the GI tract so it is nutrient rich but also may have drugs, toxins or possibly microbes that were digested

55
Q

What is a portal triad made up of?

A

Bile duct
Portal vein
Hepatic artery

A&P (4 decks)

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