Term 2 Midterm A&P Flashcards
Which one of the following hormones increases reabsorption of sodium in the kidney?
1. Angiotensin 2
2. Aldosterone
3. Atrial naturetic peptide
- Aldosterone only
What tubule drains into the papillary duct?
The collecting duct
The portion of the kidney that extends between the renal pyramids is called the
Renal columns
*What is the correct route of a cardiac action potential- in order?
AV node
SA node
AV bundle
R & L bundle branches
Punkinje fibers
*What is the order of lymph fluid flow?
From
Blood capillaries into
Interstitial spaces into
Lymphatic capillaries Into
lymphatic vessels into
Lymph nodes into
Lymph trunks
These are all functions of the red pulp in the spleen EXCEPT
1) B and T cells carry out immune functions
2) removal of worn out blood cells and platelets
3) storage of platelets
4) production of blood cells during fetal life
3) storage of platelets
Name 4 substances that are a part of the first line of defence in our INNATE immune system?
Mucous
Lysozome
Fatty acids
Gastric juice
*The process of phagocytosis involves 5 steps, what are they in the correct order?
CAIDD
Chemotaxis
Adherence
Ingestion
Digestion
Death
What do antigen presenting cells do?
Engulf and destroy a foreign invader
Display the foreign invaders “flag” on its own membrane
Meets up with the Helper T cell that then differentiates into a cytotoxic T cell
Combines the cell mediated and the antibody mediated immune systems
What cells specialize into plasma cells?
Activated B cells
This is the most common immunoglobulin and it can also cross the placenta?
IgG
This immunoglobulin is involved with allergic reactions?
IgE
What does the thoracic duct drain?
Drains lymph from both lower limbs, abdomen, left upper limb, left side of face and neck
What type of antibody is produced first during the adaptive immune response ?
IgM
Which muscle contracts during forced exhalation?
internal
intercostals
abdominals
Name the structures that air passes through during inhalation, in the proper order?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
What is the role of type 1 alveolar cells?
They are the main sites of gas exchange
What is the role of type 2 alveolar cells?
They secrete surfactant
What is surfactant in alveolar cells and what role does it play?
It is a secretory product composed of lipids and proteins
It is essential for efficient exchange of gases and for maintaining the structural integrity of alveoli
During internal respiration:
1. Gases are exchanged between blood and tissues
2. Gases are exchanged between blood and the alveoli
3. Gases are exchanged across mitochondrial membrane
4. Gas flows in and out of the lungs
- Gases are exchanged between blood and tissues
What happens during external respiration?
Gases are exchanged between blood and alveoli
What is the correct order of blood flow through the kidneys?
Renal artery
Segmental arteries
Interlobar arteries
What is the correct order of filtrate flow?
Glomerular capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Loop of henle
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Collecting duct
Components of the renal corpuscle (where filtration occurs) include the…
Glomerulus
And
Glomerular (bowman’s) capsule
What does Renin do?
Converts
angiotensinogen
to
Angiotensin 1
Renin is an enzyme that helps control your blood pressure and maintain healthy levels of sodium and potassium in your body. Made by special cells in your kidneys, renin is released into your bloodstream when your blood pressure drops too low.
What is Angiotensin 2, and what is its role?
A hormone released by the
posterior pituitary
that acts to
increase water reabsorption
through the aquaporin channels in the
distal convoluted tubule
and
collecting duct
What is Aldosterone, and what does it do?
A steroid hormone
that acts in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
Causing sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion
What is Angiotensin 2, and what is its role?
A potent vasoconstrictor
that reduces glomerular filtration and increases sodium uptake
by
increasing sodium/hydrogen antiporter activity
Angiotensin II (Ang II) raises blood pressure (BP) by a number of actions, the most important ones being vasoconstriction, sympathetic nervous stimulation, increased aldosterone biosynthesis and renal actions.
What are the heart wall layers?
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
What is the epicardium?
The external layer of the heart wall
Has two layers
The outermost layer :
the visceral layer of the serious pericardium
The inner layer :
containing adipose tissue, blood vessels and lymphatics
What is the myocardium?
Middle layer of the heart walls
It is the muscle layer
involuntarily controlled
What is the endocardium?
Inner layer of the heart walls
A thin layer of endometrium overlaying a thin layer of connective tissues
Smooth lining into the
chambers of the heart
and the
vessels leaving the heart
Where does external respiration take place?
Alveoli
Where does internal respiration take place?
The body
What center in the brain is responsible for monitoring respiration?
Medulla
Pons
Which muscles are involved in normal (quiet breathing)?
External intercostals
and
Diaphragm
What is Boyles law?
Pressure inside container and volume of container- inversely proportional
Which muscles are involved in forced/laboured inhalation?
Posterior
Anterior
Middle scalenes
Pec major
SCM
% of oxygen is carried in blood hemoglobin?
98.5%
What is Dalton’s law?
The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sums of the partial pressures of the individual component gases
Henrys law?
At the amount of gas that is dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the liquid when the temp is kept consistent
Carbonated soft drink - before the can is opened, the gas above the drink is almost pure carbon dioxide at a pressure slightly higher than atmospheric pressure.
The drink itself contains dissolved carbon dioxide
Cardio plateau vs reg
Main difference between a normal and cardiac action potential?
Cardiac action potential has a plateau (depolarization)
It stimulates Na+ channels to open- Na+ rushes into the cell, it becomes less negative and causes a rapid depolerization
What is after load?
The pressure that must be exceeded for blood to be ejected from the ventricles, for blood to flow out of the left ventricle the pressure in the ventricle must exceed the pressure in the aorta
What is the first artery that comes off the aorta?
Brachiocephalic trunk/artery
Spleen- red pulp-blood- what happens here?
blood filled venous sinuses full of red blood cells, macrophages,
lymphocytes,
plasma cells
and
granulocytes.
Death of blood cells occurs here especially RBC’s, macrophages phagocytize the debris. Storage of platelets occurs here. Blood cells are produced here only during fetal life.
Spleen- white pulp- what happens here?
lymphatic tissue with lymphocytes
(B and T cells)
that carry out immune functions
and macrophages that destroy pathogens with phagocytosis.
What are lysozymes?
Part of innate immunity
First line of defence
Present in many mucosal secretions
(tears, saliva and mucus)
Cytokines- what are they?
What are examples?
Small protein hormones that inhibit or stimulate many normal cell functions, many different cells secrete cytokines with many differing effects.
Ex-
Interleukins
Tumour necrosis factor
Interferons
Macrophages migration inhibiting factor
3 kinds of antigen presenting cells?
Macrophages (phagocytes)
Dendritic cells (phagocytes and antigen presenting cells to T cells)
B cells (antibody-mediated adaptive immune system) produce plasma (antibodies)
what is the ductus Artriosus?
in a fetus,
shunts blood from
pulmonary trunk directly to the
aorta,
bypassing the lungs
what is the fossa ovalis?
remnent of the foramen ovale in the fetus
this hole closes at birth
how is a cardiac action potential different from a regular action potential?
cardiac action potentials, specifically those of the pacemaker cells,
possess automaticity.
has a plateau
what is a baroreceptor and where are they found?
they are a type of
mechanoreceptor
located in the
carotid artery and in the
aortic arch
they sense blood pressure changes by detecting the stretch or tension in the arterial wall
what are chemoreceptors, and where are they found?
send input on chemical changes in the blood
oxygen
carbon dioxcide
or glucose
found near the
carotid artery and the arch of the aorta
what are proprioceptors
send input even before exercise begins
to prepare
causes quick rise in heart rate before exercise begins to stock up on oxygen
what does the middle layer of the detrusor muscle form?
the internal/intrinsic urethral sphincter
what is the path of urine drainage, after it leaves the nephron from the collecting ducts, before it reaches the ureters?
into the
papillary duct
minor calyces
major calyces
the blood supply of the kidney begins at the renal artery and contines to the glomerulus by this route…
segmental arteries
interlobar
arcuate
cortical radiate
afferent arteriole
what type of nephron dips down into the medullary region of a kidney?
juxtamedullary nephrons
the renal corpuscle consists of …
the
glomerulus
glomerular (bowmans) capsule
we have two specialized receptors cells close to the afferent arterioles, what are they?
macula densa and
juxtaglomerular cells
the THICK portion of the ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to water? T/F?
true
what are the 2 mechanisms our kidneys use to regulate the glomerular filtration rate?
TEST - CLASS GOT BOTH ANSWERS RIGHT IF PICKED
1- by adjusting blood volume and blood pressure
2. by adjusting blood flow and glomerular capillary surface area (this was the most right)
what are the 3 layers that make up the glomerular filtration membrane?
fenestrations
basement membranes
podocytes
what is a podocyte?
specialized filtration cells with slits called pedicels
we have 3 pressures that affect the GFR, which ones oppose filtration?
capsular hydrostatic pressure
blood colloid osmotic pressure
what 2 mechanisms allow kidney to regulate itself without outside influence?
myogenic mechanism
and
macula densa feedback
in the renin-angiotensin system, hormones and reactions occur that involve three organ systems- what are they?
liver
kidney
lungs
what hormone causes vasoconstriction and increases the permeability of
principal cells with aquaporins
in the
distal convoluted tubule?
antidiuretic hormone
in tubular reabsorption we have 2 ways of transport, which one uses symporters and antiporters?
secondary active transport
what is secreted in the proximal convoluted tubule?
K+
H+
where is urea recycled?
collecting ducts
what is osmolarity a measure of?
how many solutes are in the filtrate
when the kidneys are diseased, urea builds up in the blood stream, this is called?
uremia
What is repolerization?
K+ continues to leave the cell, restoring the negative resting membrane potential
ausculation
listening to the heart sounds “lubb dubb”
proprioceptors
send input before activity begins to help prepare and stock up in oxygen
chemoreceptors
located in the aorta and carotid artery, send input regarding oxygen and carbon dioxcide blood levels
baroreceptors
located in the carotid artery and aortic arch
send input regarding stretch of major arteries and vein walls which indicates an increase in pressures
what are the first major arteries off the aorta
Left coronary artery
right coronary artery
what is LAC RPM
first two major arteries off the aorta
Left
anterior interventicular
circumflex
right
posterior
marginal
electrocardiogram or ECG “pqrst”
MEASURES THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE HEART
SHOWS A PROBLEM WITH THE CARDIAC CONDUCTION PATHWAY
p wave
atrial depolerization (atria contract AKA systole)
PQ interval
atrial kick fills the ventricles
ST segment
ventricle empties and relaxes
QRS complex
ventricle depolarization (ventricle contracts) the atria repolarize (relaxes)
T wave
repolerization of the ventricles (they relax)
S1
first sound is the “lubb” louder and longer, closing of the AV valves
S2
second sound is the “dubb”
closing of the semilunar valves
rule 1
high pressure or high concentration to a region of lower pressures or lower concentrations
wht muscles are invloved in quiet normal breathing?
diaphragm ,external intercostals
pitch- voice- if high it means?
tension in vocal cords is tight or taut- and they are vibrating at a higher pitch
whats the difference between the conducting zone and respiratory zone?
conducting zone- bringing air into the lungs
respiratory zone- main site of gas exchange
airway pathway- in order
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
primary bronchi
secondary-segmental bronchi
tertiary bronchi
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveloar sacs
alveoli
what is in the upper respiratory tract?
nose(external)
nose (internal)
pharynx (throat)
(nasopharynx- oropharynx- laryngopharynx)
where does the upper respiratory tract stop?
pharynx
what is in the lower respiratory tract?
larynx
epiglottis
trachea
lungs
carina
bronchi
bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveoli
alveolar- capillary membrane or “rspiratoy membrane” where gas exchange takes place with type 1 alveolar cells
what do alveolar cells do?
type 1- perform gas exchange on the respiratory membrane
type 2- secrete surfactant
what does surfactant do?
maintains surface tension and prevents collapse- elasticizes- makes it so the alveoli doesnt get too big or too small
how is oxygen transported in the blood?
what molecule do you have?
hemoglobin-
4 oxygen molecules hang onto 1 hemoglobin
how many iron molecules are attached to hemoglobin?
4
what kind of muscles are in the ventricles?
myocardium
what are the coronary arteries?
LAC RPM
left
Anterior interventricular
circumflex
right posterior interventricular
MARGINAL
what is the first branch off of the aorta?
brachialcephalous
what are the valves of theheart?
tricuspid valve
pulmonary valve
mitral/bicuspid valve
aortic valve
what is autonomic regulation of the heart and what does it mean for fibers to be autorhythmic?
changes in the arterial pressure and blood gas levels reflexively modulates the activity of the relevant visceral motor pathways
what are the other 2 ways to say contraction?
systole
depolarization
what is the PQRST complex of the heart?
The P wave - indicates atrial depolarization.
The QRS is responsible for ventricular depolarization and the
T wave is ventricular repolarization.
If a P wave is absent there is a lack of atrial depolarization.
what comes first? terminal bronchioles or respiratory bronchioles?
terminal
what are proprioceptors and where are they found?
have an effect on the heart they are EVERYWHERE
if you stand up fast- you dont pass out
ALL CONTRIBUTE TO MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS- RATE AND RHYTHM
how do baroreceptors and chemoreceptors affect the heart?
baro-pressure chemo- chemicals
pressure and chemicals-
if there is a change in carbon dioxide or a pressure change it is going to tell you heart to beat faster
found in carotid and aorta
