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Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the urinary system?

A
  1. Excretion
  2. Regulation of Blood Volume & Blood Pressure
  3. Ion Concentration Regulation
  4. pH Regulation
  5. Vitamin D and RBC Synthesis
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2
Q

This is the elimination of toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ion

A

Excretion

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3
Q

This is the hormone that our kidneys create to stimulate the production of RBCs.

A

Erythropoietin

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4
Q

What are the 4 organs in the urinary system?

A
  1. Kidney
  2. Ureters
  3. Urethra
  4. Urinary Bladder
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5
Q

These are bean-shaped organs

A

Kidneys

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6
Q

Size of a kidney?

A

11 cm, can be compared to:
* a bar of soap
* a tightly clenched fist

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7
Q

Location of the kidneys?

A

Extending from T12-L3, Retroperitoneal

(Specifically between the dorsal wall and parietal peritoneum)

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8
Q

Fill in the blanks:

The right kidney is _______ than the left because it is crowded by the right lobe of the liver.

A

Lower

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9
Q

This is the connective tissue that surrounds each kidney.

A

Renal capsule

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10
Q

3 layers of renal capsule:

A
  1. Renal Fascia
  2. Perirenal Fat Capsule
  3. Fibrous Capsule
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11
Q

This layer anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures

A

Renal fascia

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12
Q

This layer cushions the kidney (fatty cushion), prevents trauma, and stabilize the kidney.

A

Perirenal fat capsule

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13
Q

This layer can lessen when losing weight.

A

Perirenal fat capsule

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14
Q

This is the dropping of the kidney.

A

Renal ptosis

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15
Q

This layer adheres to the kidney and prevents the spread of infection.

A

Fibrous capsule

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16
Q

This is where renal artery and nerves enter, and renal vein, ureter, and lymph vessels exit

A

Renal hilum

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17
Q

Cavity which contains blood vessels

A

Renal sinus

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18
Q

This is the outer superficial region which is light-colored and granular in appearance

A

Renal cortex

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19
Q

Multiple choice:
Why is the renal cortex granular in appearance?

A.) For reabsorption
B.) For filtration

A

B.) For filtration

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20
Q

This is the inner deep layer which is dark-colored and striped in appearance, and is known to function for reabsorption

A

Renal medulla

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21
Q

Cone-shaped tissue masses located between the cortex and medulla

A

Renal pyramids

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22
Q

Part of renal pyramid that points externally

A

Base (Broad)

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23
Q

Part of renal pyramid that points internally

A

Apex (Pointed)

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24
Q

This separates the renal pyramids.

A

Renal columns

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25
Q

This is the funnel-shaped structure which surround the tip (apex) of renal pyramid.

A

Renal calyces

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26
Q

Fill in the blank:

The calyces from all the renal pyramids join to form a larger funnel called ____________.

A

Renal pelvis

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27
Q

This is the structural and functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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28
Q

How many nephrons are produced per each kidney on a daily basis?

A

1 million nephrons

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29
Q

What are the 2 parts of nephron?

A
  1. Renal corpuscles
  2. Renal tubules
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30
Q

This is located at the renal cortex which functions to filter

A

Renal corpuscle

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31
Q

This resembles a ball of yarn and is fenestrated (pored)

A

Glomerulus

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32
Q

This encapsulates the glomerulus

A

Glomerular capsule

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33
Q

This is located partially at the renal cortex and mostly at the medulla

A

Renal tubules

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34
Q

What are the 3 parts of renal tubules?

A
  1. Proximal convoluted tubule
  2. Nephron loop
  3. Distal convoluted tubule
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35
Q

What are the 2 parts of the nephron loop?

A
  1. Descending loop
  2. Ascending loop
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36
Q

These are nephrons located in the renal cortex.

A

Cortical nephrons

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37
Q

Fill in the blank:

Cortical nephrons make up ____% of the nephrons in the kidneys

A

85%

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38
Q

These are nephrons located in the renal medulla.

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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39
Q

Fill in the blank:

Juxtamedullary nephrons make up _____% of the nephrons in the kidneys

A

15%

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40
Q

This transports the blood to the glomerulus.

A

Afferent arteriole

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41
Q

This is where the exchange of nutrients happen, and this will deliver the blood to the kidney.

A

Glomerulus (capillaries)

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42
Q

This will transport the reabsorbed substances to the peritubular capillary / vasa recta back to the heart

A

Efferent arteriole

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43
Q

Enumeration:

Urine is produced by three (3) processes:

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
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44
Q

Location where filtration happens:

A

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

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45
Q

Substances that cannot pass through glomerulus (blood cells and big proteins) will be transported to vasa recta (effector arteriole) for ____________.

A.) Reabsorption
B.) Filtration

A

Reabsorption

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46
Q

Filtered substances is called as?

A

Filtrate

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47
Q

This is a portion of plasma entering the nephron

A

Filtrate

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48
Q

Location of tubular reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

A

Renal cortex

49
Q

Permeability of tubular reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

A

Water and solutes

50
Q

Reabsorption rate in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT):

51
Q

Fill in the blanks:

How reabsorption takes place in PCT?

As solutes molecules are transported out of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) via 1.)________ and 2.)_______ into the 3.)________, water moves by 4.)_________ in the same direction. All of the reabsorbed substances go to the 5.)____________.

A
  1. Active transport
  2. Co-transport
  3. interstitial fluid
  4. osmosis
  5. Peritubular capillaries
52
Q

Location of tubular reabsorption in descending loop?

A

Renal medulla

53
Q

Permeability of tubular reabsorption in descending loop?

A

High to water ; Slightly/semi to solutes

54
Q

Fill in the blanks:

How reabsorption takes place in descending loop?

As the 1.)__________ passes through the descending limb into the 2.)__________, water moves out of the nephron by 3.)________, while some solutes moves into the nephron by 4.)____________. Now, this filtrate is very 5.)___________.

A
  1. Filtrate
  2. Medulla
  3. Osmosis
  4. Diffusion
  5. Concentrated / Salty
55
Q

Location of tubular secretion in ascending loop?

A

Renal medulla

56
Q

Permeability of tubular reabsorption in ascending loop?

A

High to solutes ; NOT permeable to water

57
Q

Fill in the blanks:

How reabsorption takes place in ascending loop?

1.)_________ diffuses out of the nephron. This makes the filtrate to be 2.)_________.

A
  1. Solutes
  2. Diluted
58
Q

Reabsorption rate in the entire nephron loop?

59
Q

Location of tubular reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct?

A

Renal Medulla and Renal Calyces

60
Q

Permeability of tubular reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct?

A

Water and solutes

61
Q

Fill in the blanks:

How reabsorption takes place in distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct?

As the filtrate enters the DCT, it is more 1.)_________ than the interstitial fluid of the renal cortex. It further 2.)________ the water and solutes remaining.

A

1.) diluted
2.) removes

62
Q

Reabsorption rate in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting ducts?

63
Q

Percentage of urine formed that will be collected by the renal calyces?

64
Q

This is the active transport of solutes across the nephron walls into the filtrate.

A

Tubular secretion

65
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Tubular Secretion is useful for:

  • Disposing of substances, such as certain 1.)_________ and metabolites that are tightly bound to plasma proteins.
  • Eliminating undesirable substances or 2.)_________ that have been reabsorbed by passive processes.
  • Ridding the body of excess 3.)__________.
  • Controlling the 4.)________.
A
  1. drugs
  2. end products
  3. potassium ions
  4. blood pH
66
Q

What is the color of urine?

A

Clear pale to deep yellow (amber)

67
Q

What is the odor of urine?

68
Q

pH level of urine?

69
Q

Specific gravity of urine?

A

1.001 - 1.035

70
Q

Enumerate the 4 chemical compositions of urine:

A
  1. Urea
  2. Uric acid
  3. Creatinine
  4. Sodium, Phosphate, and ammonia
71
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Water reabsorption is 1.)________ if the blood-solute concentration is high. Therefore, the urine output will be 2.)________.

A

1.) High
2.) Scant

72
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Water reabsorption is low if the blood-solute concentration is 1.)___________. Therefore, the urine output will be 2.)___________.

A

1.) Low
2.) Excessive

73
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Water reabsorption is high if the blood volume and pressure is 1.)__________. Therefore, the urine output will be 2.)___________.

A

1.) Low
2.) Scant

74
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Water reabsorption is 1.)_____________ if the blood volume and pressure is high. Therefore, the urine output will be 2.)_________.

A

1.) Low
2.) Excessive

75
Q

Multiple Choice:

Rationale: To increase blood volume, water inside the body must be ________.

A.) Distributed
B.) Conserved

A

B.) Conserved

76
Q

The three major hormonal mechanisms for regulating the urine concentration and volume:

A

1.) Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAA) Mechanism
2.) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Mechanism
3.) Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH) Mechanism

77
Q

What are the two hormonal mechanisms for regulating the urine concentration and volume that are more sensitive to changes in blood pressure?

A

RAA and ANH

78
Q

This hormonal mechanism for regulating urine concentration and volume is more sensitive to changes in blood concentration.

79
Q

Fill in the blanks:

When a person gets hypotensive/low blood pressure, this stimulates the secretion of 1.)_________ from the kidney. This will then stimulate the release of 2.)__________, and will be converted to Angiotensin I and then to Angiotensin II. Finally, this will stimulate the release of 3.)_____________ from the adrenal cortex.

A

1.) Renin
2.) Angiotensinogen
3.) Aldosterone

80
Q

High levels of aldosterone equals high levels of water reabsorption, and this increase of water reabsorption will?

A.) Decrease the BP of a person
B.) Increase the BP of a person

A

B.) Increase the BP of a person

81
Q

This hormonal mechanism increases the permeability of the DCT and collecting duct, as a result, water reabsorption increases.

A

ADH Mechanism

82
Q

What is the main role of ADH?

A

Increase Water Reabsorption

83
Q

Low BSC means _____ ADH.

84
Q

High BSC means ______ ADH.

85
Q

High BP/BV means ______ ADH.

86
Q

Low BP/BV means ______ ADH.

87
Q

This hormone increases the excretion of sodium in the form of urine, which usually happens when a person get hypertensive (High BP)

88
Q

High ANH means _______ Urine Output.

89
Q

High BP/BV means _____ ANH

90
Q

Low BP/BV means ______ ANH

91
Q

Goal of RAA Mechanism?

A

Increase BP

92
Q

Goal of ADH Mechanism?

A

Increase BP and Decrease BSC

93
Q

Goal of ANH Mechanism?

A

Decrease BP

94
Q

These are divided into left and right and these are small tubes that carry urine from renal pelvis of the kidney to the posterior portion of the urinary bladder.

95
Q

What is the movement and direction of urine in the ureters?

A

Peristalsis

96
Q

This is a hollow muscular container that lies in the pelvic cavity just posterior to the pubic symphysis.

A

Urinary bladder

97
Q

This is the muscle that forms the wall of the urinary bladder.

A

Detrusor muscle

98
Q

This organ is the storage of urine

A

Urinary bladder

99
Q

These are the three openings in the urinary bladder.

100
Q

This is the tube that exits the urinary bladder inferiorly and anteriorly.

101
Q

This is located at the inferior part of the urinary bladder and it closes when semen is passing through the urethra.

A

Internal Urinary Sphincter (Involuntary)

102
Q

This is located at the inferior part of the urethral orifice and is controlled by skeletal muscles.

A

External Urinary Sphincter (Voluntary)

103
Q

Length of female urethra?

A

1 1/2 inches

104
Q

Length of male urethra?

A

6-8 inches

105
Q

This urethra is shorter, more exposed, making it prone to infection.

A

Female urethra

106
Q

This is the act of voiding or urinating.

A

Micturition

107
Q

Enumeration:

In the micturition reflex, 3 events must happen:

A
  1. Detrusor muscle must contract
  2. Internal urinary sphincter must open
  3. External urinary sphincter must open
108
Q

At what age does a person can override micturition reflex?

A

2-3 years old and above

109
Q

Enumeration:

What are the 2 body fluid compartments?

A
  1. Intracellular Fluid Compartment
  2. Extracellular Fluid Compartment
110
Q

This body fluid compartment contain high concentration of potassium ions, magnesium ions, phosphate, and sulfate

A

Intracellular Fluid Compartment

111
Q

This body fluid compartment contain high concentration of sodium ions, calcium ions, and bicarbonate ions

A

Extracellular Fluid Compartment

112
Q

What are the two mechanisms that helps in regulating the levels of ions in the extracellular fluid?

A
  1. Thirst Regulation
  2. Ion Concentration Regulation
113
Q

What are the 4 ions that gets regulated in the Ion Concentration Regulation?

A
  1. Sodium Ions
  2. Potassium Ions
  3. Calcium Ions
  4. Phosphate and Sulfate Ions
114
Q

This is the center for thirst.

A

Hypothalamus

115
Q

In pathology, kidney stone is also known as?

A

Nephrolith

116
Q

In pathology, this is the excessive accumulation of urine in the renal pelvis due to obstruction of a ureter

A

Hydronephrosis

117
Q

In pathology, this is the inability to expel urine.

A

Urinary Retention

118
Q

In pathology, this is the hardening of kidney tissue.

A

Nephrosclerosis

119
Q

In pathology, this is the inflammation of the renal pelvis of the kidney.

A

Pyelonephritis

ANAPHY FINALS (3 decks)

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