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ANAPHY FINALS > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Enumerate the 5 Functions of the Digestive System

A
  1. Ingestion and Mastication
  2. Propulsion and Mixing
  3. Digestion and Secretion
  4. Absorption
  5. Elimination
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2
Q

How long does a man can live without food and water?

A

3 to 7 days

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3
Q

How long does a man can live without food?

A

1 to 2 months

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4
Q

This is needed to sustain function and activity of body.

A

Food

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5
Q

Consumption of solid or liquid food usually through mouth

A

Ingestion

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6
Q

Also known as chewing, in which food is crushed and mixed with saliva to form a bolus for swallowing.

A

Mastication

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7
Q

Movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other. (one-way movement)

A

Propulsion

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8
Q

Movement of food back and forth in the digestive tract. (two-way movement)

A

Mixing

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9
Q

This is the serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity.

A

Peritoneum

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10
Q

This holds organs that hangs

A

Mesentery

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11
Q

The anatomy of the digestive system consists of?

A
  • Digestive tract
  • GI tract
  • Associated organs
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12
Q

This aids in propulsion of food ; most organs contain these layers except stomach.

A

Tunics / Layers of the GI tract

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13
Q

From outer to inner layer, enumerate the Tunics / Layers of the GI tract.

A
  1. Serosa
  2. Muscularis (outer layer)
  3. Muscularis (inner)
  4. Submucosa
  5. Mucosa
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14
Q

What is the component of serosa?

A

Visceral peritoneum / adventitia

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15
Q

What is the component of outer muscularis?

A

Longitudinal smooth muscle

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16
Q

What is the component of inner muscularis?

A

Circular smooth muscle

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17
Q

What is the component of submucosa?

A

Plexus

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18
Q

What are the components of mucosa?

A
  1. Mucous epithelium
  2. Lamina propria
  3. Muscularis mucosae
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19
Q

This is a general term referring to serous membranes attached to abdominal organs.

A

Mesentery

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20
Q

A mesentery associated with the small intestine.

A

Mesentery proper

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21
Q

This connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver and diaphragm

A

Lesser omentum

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22
Q

This connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon and posterior body wall

A

Greater omentum

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23
Q

What are the 2 regions of the oral cavity?

A
  1. Space between lips/cheeks and mouth
  2. Oral cavity proper
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24
Q

These are important in the process of mastication (mechanical digestion)

A

Lips and Cheeks

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25
Q

A large muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity.

A

Tongue

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26
Q

This is also known as the mechanical digestion.

A

Mastication

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27
Q

This is also known as the chemical digestion.

A

Secretion of diff. chemicals

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28
Q

The tongue is connected at the posterior portion by a connective tissue, and this tissue is also known as?

A

Frenulum

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29
Q

The teeth of an adult is called what?

A

Secondary / permanent (32)

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30
Q

The childhood teeth is called what?

A

Primary / Deciduous (20)

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31
Q

From most central to most lateral, enumerate the 8 types of teeth present in our mouths.

A
  1. Central incisor
  2. lateral incisor
  3. Canine
  4. 1st pre-molar
  5. 2nd pre-molar
  6. 1st molar
  7. 2nd molar
  8. 3rd molar
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32
Q

The 3rd molar is also known as?

A

Wisdom tooth

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33
Q

This is formed by living cellular calcified tissue (dentin)

A

Bulk of tooth

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34
Q

Dentin is covered by ________ in the crown region

A

Enamel

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35
Q

What is the living cellular calcified tissue that forms the bulk of tooth?

A

Dentin

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36
Q

This contains pulp which consists of blood vessels

A

Pulp cavity

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37
Q

Each teeth is held in place within the pockets in the bone called _______.

A

Alveoli

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38
Q

Alveoli is covered by what?

A

Gingiva (gums)

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39
Q

This forms the roof of the oral cavity that separates the oral from nasal cavity.

A

Palate

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40
Q

Anterior part of the palate that contains the bone

A

Hard palate

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41
Q

Posterior part of the palate and contains skeletal muscle and connective tissue

A

Soft palate

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42
Q

This is the posterior extension of the soft palate ; “punching bag”

A

Uvula

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43
Q

This produces saliva and regulated primarily by Autonomic nervous system with parasympathetic stimulation.

A

Salivary glands

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44
Q

Forms a protective ring of lymphatic and nasal and oral cavities of pharynx

A

Tonsils

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45
Q

Tonsil that is near the internal opening of nasal cavity

A

Pharyngeal tonsil

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46
Q

Tonsil that is on the each side of posterior opening or nasal cavity

A

Palatine tonsil

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47
Q

Tonsil that is on the posterior surface of tongue

A

Lingual tonsil

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48
Q

Serous gland located just anterior to each ear ; its ducts enter through the 2nd upper molar

A

Parotid glands

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49
Q

Located below the mandible and produces more serous than mucous secretions

A

Submandibular glands

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50
Q

Smallest gland and produce mainly mucous secretions

A

Sublingual glands

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51
Q

How much saliva is produced daily?

A

0.5 - 1.5 L

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52
Q

Saliva is a mixture of 2 things:

A
  1. Serous (watery)
  2. Mucous fluids (contains mucin that is stimulated by sympathetic)
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53
Q

This breaks down starch

A

Salivary amylase

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54
Q

This process increases efficiency of digestion

A

Mastication

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55
Q

This connects the mouth to the esophagus.

A

Pharynx

56
Q

3 parts of pharynx (from superior to inferior):

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Hypopharynx (Laryngopharynx)
57
Q

Part of pharynx that only serves as an air passageway

A

Nasopharynx

58
Q

Part of pharynx that is the passageway of both food and air

A

Oropharynx

59
Q

Part of pharynx that is mostly the passageway for food

A

Hypopharynx

60
Q

Also known as swallowing

A

Deglutition

61
Q

Made up of moist stratified squamous epithelium that extends from the pharynx to the stomach

A

Esophagus

62
Q

The constriction of _________ allows food to go to the stomach.

A

Esophagus

63
Q

How long is the esophagus?

A

25 cm long

64
Q

What is the location of the esophagus?

A

Anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea

65
Q

This wave of muscle moves ahead of the bolus which allows the digestive tract to expand

A

Wave of relaxation

66
Q

This wave of muscle moves behind the bolus which propels it through the digestive tract

A

Wave of contraction

67
Q

A phase wherein bolus of food is pushed by tongue against hard and soft palate

A

Voluntary phase

68
Q

A phase wherein the soft palate is elevated, closing off the nasopharynx

A

Pharyngeal phase

69
Q

This is a muscular hollow organ which temporarily stores ingested food and continue the process of mechanical digestion

A

Stomach

70
Q

What type of tissue the stomach has?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

71
Q

Has a J shape

A

Stomach

72
Q

Features a lesser and greater curvature

A

Stomach

73
Q

What are the four major regions of the stomach?

A
  1. Cardia
  2. Fundus
  3. Body
  4. Pylorus
74
Q

This layer produces a churning action in the stomach

A

Muscularis layer

75
Q

These are the folds in the stomach ; occurs when the person is hungry

A

Rugae

76
Q

This is the opening of the stomach

A

Cardia

77
Q

This is the superior part of stomach

A

Fundus

78
Q

This is the largest part of the stomach

A

Body of the stomach

79
Q

This is the inferior part of the stomach

A

Pylorus

80
Q

This is the semifluid mixture of food and gastric secretions

A

Chyme

81
Q

Stomach secretions (2L) of the gastric glands include four (4) substances:

A
  1. Hydrochloric Acid
  2. Pepsin
  3. Mucus
  4. Intrinsic factor
82
Q

This substance from the gastric glands kill microorganism and activates the enzyme, pepsin (produced by parietal cells)

A

Hydrochloric acid

83
Q

This substance from the gastric glands break covalent bond of proteins to form smaller peptide chains (chief cells)

A

Pepsin

84
Q

This substance from the gastric glands lubricate the epithelial cells of the stomach wall

A

Mucus

85
Q

This substance from the gastric glands bind with vitamin B12 and makes it more readily absorbed in the small intestine (also produced by parietal cells)

A

Intrinsic factor

86
Q

CNS reflex occurs in?

A

Medulla oblongata

87
Q

Local reflex occurs in?

A

Enteric plexus in the wall of GI tract

88
Q

2 movements in the stomach:

A
  1. Mixing waves (weak contractions)
  2. Peristaltic waves (strong contractions)
89
Q

Its major function is absorption of nutrient.

A

Small intestine

90
Q

Smallest section of small intestine ; described as C-shaped located below the stomach that surrounds the pancreas

A

Duodenum

91
Q

This part receives stomach chyme, pancreatic juice and bile from liver and gallbladder via duodenal ligament

A

Duodenum

92
Q

2 hormones that are excreted by the duodenum:

A
  1. Cholecystokinin
  2. Secretin
93
Q

This hormone from the duodenum stimulates pancreas to release enzymes in pancreatic juice and stimulates the gallbladder to release bile.

A

Cholecystokinin

94
Q

This hormone regulates the environment within the duodenum.

A

Secretin

95
Q

This marks the division between duodenum and the jejunum.

A

Suspensory muscle of duodenum

96
Q

This is a part of the small intestine that is 2.5 m long which absorbs sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids.

A

Jejunum

97
Q

This is the longest part of the small intestine wherein it absorbs any final nutrients, with major absorptive products being vitamin B12 and bile acids.

A

Ileum

98
Q

These are small aggregates of lymphatic tissue found in the mucosa of the ileum

A

Peyer’s patches

99
Q

The mucosa and submucosa form a series of __________ that runs perpendicular to the long axis of the digestive tract.

A

Circular folds

100
Q

Tiny, fingerlike projections of the mucosa form numerous ________, which are 0.5-1.5 mm long

A

Villi

101
Q

These are the numerous cytoplasmic extensions called the ________.

A

Microvilli

102
Q

This is the largest internal organ and weighs about 1.36 kg

A

Liver

103
Q

Weight of liver?

A

1.36 kg

104
Q

This blood vessel takes oxygen rich blood to the liver

A

Hepatic artery

105
Q

This blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood but rich in absorbed nutrients and other substances from the digestive tract, and delivers it to the liver

A

Hepatic portal vein

106
Q

This blood vessel carries blood away from the liver and into the inferior vena cava

A

Hepatic vein

107
Q

This organ processes nutrient and detoxifies harmful substances from the blood.

A

Liver

108
Q

How much bile does the liver produce each day?

A

600 - 1000 L daily

109
Q

This is a complex alkaline solution that contains bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, lipids, lipid soluble hormone, and lecithin (mixture of phospholipids)

A

Bile

110
Q

This specific content of bile solubilizes ingested fat and fat-soluble vitamins, facilitating their digestion and absorption

A

Bile salts

111
Q

This organ is retroperitoneal and posterior to the stomach.

A

Pancreas

112
Q

Pancreas is composed of both ________ and _______ tissues.

A

Endocrine and Exocrine

113
Q

This tissue of the pancreas is where pancreatic islets, or islets of Langerhans are arranged, and these islets produce the hormone insulin and glucagon.

A

Endocrine

114
Q

What are the 2 hormones produced by the islets of Langerhans?

A

Glucagon and Insulin

115
Q

This tissue of the pancreas is composed of acinar glands

A

Exocrine

116
Q

These cells produce digestive enzymes that empties into the pancreatic duct.

A

Acini cells

117
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

Pancreatic enzymes are important in digesting all major classes of foods.

A

TRUE

118
Q

What are the 3 major protein digesting enzymes (proteolytic enzymes)?

A
  1. Trypsin
  2. Chymotrypsin
  3. Carboxypeptidase
119
Q

This continues the polysaccharide digestion that began in the oral cavity.

A

Pancreatic amylase

120
Q

This is a lipid-digesting enzyme

A

Lipase

121
Q

These degrade DNA and RNA into nucleotides.

A

Nucleases

122
Q

This organ extends from the ileocecal junction to the anus.

A

Large intestine

123
Q

Chyme is converted into what?

A

Feces

124
Q

This is the process of elimination of feces

A

Defecation

125
Q

From the large intestine, these are small pouches of the peritoneum filled with fat.

A

Omental appendices

126
Q

From the large intestine, these are saccules in the colon that gives it its segmented appearance.

A

Haustra

127
Q

From the large intestine, these are small pouches of the peritoneum filled with fat and situated along the colon and upper part of the rectum.

A

Teniae coli

128
Q

This is the proximal end of the large intestine

A

Cecum

129
Q

Cecum is located in what quadrant of the abdomen?

A

Right lower quadrant

130
Q

What is attached to the cecum?

A

Appendix

131
Q

What are the 4 parts of the colon?

A
  1. Ascending colon
  2. Transverse colon
  3. Descending colon
  4. Sigmoid colon (terminal portion)
132
Q

This is the terminal portion of the colon.

A

Sigmoid colon

133
Q

Approximately 1.5-1.8 m long and can be divided into 4 parts

A

Colon

134
Q

What is the mucosal lining of the colon?

A

Crypts

135
Q

This contains many mucous-producing goblet cells

A

Crypts

136
Q

Straight-muscular tube that begins in the termination of sigmoid colon and anal canal

A

Rectum

137
Q

This is the last 2-3cm of digestive tract.

A

Anal canal

ANAPHY FINALS (3 decks)

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