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ANAPHY FINALS > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functions of the Reproductive System?

A
  1. Production of Gametes
  2. Fertilization
  3. Development and Nourishment of a New Individual
  4. Reproduction of Reproductive Hormone
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2
Q

This is the process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information.

A

Meiosis

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3
Q

This is the cell division for somatic cells (diploid cells).

A

Mitosis

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4
Q

This is the cell division for sex cells (gametes; haploid cells).

A

Meiosis

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5
Q

This reproductive system consist of testes, series of ducts (epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra), accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland), supporting structures (scrotum and penis).

A

Male Reproductive System

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6
Q

What are the 4 ducts in the male reproductive system?

A
  1. Epididymis
  2. Vas deferens
  3. Urethra
  4. Ejaculatory duct
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7
Q

What are the 3 accessory glands of the male reproductive system?

A
  1. Seminal vesicles
  2. Prostate gland
  3. Bulbourethral gland
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8
Q

What are the two supporting structures of the male reproductive system?

A
  1. Scrotum
  2. Penis
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9
Q

These are sac-like structures that contains the testes

A

Scrotum

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10
Q

What type of tissue does the scrotum have?

A

Loose connective tissue

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11
Q

Scrotum is divided into left and right by?

A

Septum

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12
Q

What is the term for the layer of smooth muscle of the scrotum that contracts when the environment is cold?

A

Dartos muscle

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13
Q

Other term for the septum of the scrotum?

A

Raphe

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14
Q

These are the male gonads

A

Testes

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15
Q

Size of testes?

A

4-5 cm

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16
Q

These are oval organs within each scrotum

A

Testes (Testis, singular)

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17
Q

This is responsible for making sperm and are also involved in producing a hormone called testosterone.

A

Testes

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18
Q

What hormone does the testes produce?

A

Testosterone

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19
Q

Also known as the sperm cells.

A

Spermatozoa

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20
Q

This is the site of sperm development.

A

Seminiferous tubules

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21
Q

These are interstitial cells that secrete testosterone

A

Leydig cells

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22
Q

This is the formation of sperm cells and occur in the seminiferous tubules.

A

Spermatogenesis

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of cells that the seminiferous tubules contain?

A
  1. Germ cell - sperm cells
  2. Sustentacular cells (Sertoli)
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24
Q

This is a cell from the seminiferous tubules that nourish germ cells and produce hormones.

A

Sustentacular cells or Sertoli cells

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25
Q

This is a coiled tube located in the posterior side of the testis and is divided into head, body, and tail.

A

Epididymis

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26
Q

This duct store sperm cell for maturation and transport it to vas deferens.

A

Epididymis

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27
Q

Fill in the blank:

The rete of testis empties in the 1.)__________ to the epididymis.

A

efferent ductules

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28
Q

This is the physiological changes spermatozoa must undergo in order to have the ability to penetrate and fertilize an egg.

A

Capacitation

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29
Q

This duct is 45 cm long and emerges from the epididymis and becomes associated with the blood vessels and nerves to form spermatic cord.

A

Ductus deferens / Vas deferens

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30
Q

What does the spermatic cord consists of?

Hint: 4

A
  1. Ductus deferens
  2. Testicular artery and vein
  3. Lymphatic vessels
  4. Testicular nerve
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31
Q

Fill in the blanks:

The walls of the Vas deferens contain smooth muscle which contracts in 1.)_________ waves to propel sperm cells from epididymis to 2.)__________.

A
  1. peristaltic
  2. ampulla
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32
Q

This is the part of the Vas deferens that has the widest diameter.

A

Ampulla

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33
Q

This is located between the bladder fundus and the rectum

A

Seminal vesicle

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34
Q

This produces a fluid (alkaline) that makes up majority of semen.

A

Seminal vesicle

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35
Q

This duct enters through the prostate gland and transports spermatozoa and fluids from the ampulla and seminal vesicles to the prostatic urethra.

A

Ejaculatory duct

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36
Q

This duct extends from the urinary bladder to the distal end of the penis.

A

Urethra

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37
Q

This is the male organ of copulation as it transfer sperm cells from male to female

A

Penis

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38
Q

This is the loose fold of skin that covers the glans penis.

A

Prepuce (foreskin)

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39
Q

This is the surgical removal of the prepuce.

A

Circumcision

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40
Q

This gland surrounds the urethra and two ejaculatory ducts and this produces the fluid that nourishes and transports sperm (seminal fluid)

A

Prostate gland

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41
Q

This contains 3 columns of erectile tissue

A

Penis

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42
Q

Bulbourethral gland is also known as?

A

Cowper’s Gland

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43
Q

This gland are mucus-secreting glands that are located near the base of the penis.

A

Bulbourethral gland

44
Q

This gland produces a pre-ejaculate fluid that cleanses and lubricates the urethra prior to the arrival of the semen.

A

Bulbourethral gland

45
Q

This is the mixture of sperm cells and secretions from the male reproductive glands.

A

Semen

46
Q

Normal volume of semen?

A

2-3 ml

47
Q

How many sperm cells are in 1 ml of semen?

A

100 million sperm cells

48
Q

What are the 4 locations that secretions of the male reproductive glands come from?

A
  1. Seminal vesicle
  2. Prostate gland
  3. Testes
  4. Bulbourethral gland
49
Q

This is the fluid that nourishes and transports sperm.

A

Seminal fluid

50
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Abnormal sperm morphology or abnormal sperm mobility will not be able to proceed into fertilization.

A

TRUE

51
Q

Amount of secretions from seminal vesicle?

A

60%

52
Q

Amount of secretions from the prostate gland?

A

30%

53
Q

Amount of secretions from the testes?

A

5%

54
Q

Amount of secretions from the bulbourethral gland?

A

5%

55
Q

Fill in the blanks:

REGULATION OF REPRODUCTIVE HORMONE SECRETION:

Hypothalamus will produce the 1.)__________ and will stimulate the anterior pituitary gland. This gland will now then produce 2 hormones, namely the 2.)___________ and the 3.)____________. The former hormone mentioned will bind to the interstitial cells, producing the hormone 4.)___________, while the latter hormone binds to the sustentacular cells to secrete the 5.)__________ which enhances the spermatogenic cells’ ability to bind to testosterone, stimulating the process of 6.)________.

A
  1. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  2. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  3. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  4. Testosterone
  5. Androgen-binding protein (ABP)
  6. Spermatogenesis
56
Q

This protein enhances the spermatogenic cells’ ability to bind to testosterone, stimulating spermatogenesis.

A

Androgen-binding protein (ABP)

57
Q

When does the puberty in males begin and end?

A

12-14 years old, largely completed by age 18

58
Q

What are the 3 hormones that increases when a male is in puberty?

A

GnRH, LH, and FSH

59
Q

This is the major male hormone that influences reproductive and non-reproductive organs.

A

Testosterone

60
Q

This is the inability or reduced ability to produced offspring.

A

Infertility

61
Q

What is the common cause of infertility in males?

A

Low sperm count (20 million sperm cells per ml)

62
Q

This produces eggs for fertilization and they make the hormones estrogen and progesterone.

A

Ovaries

63
Q

What are the 2 hormones produced by the ovaries?

A
  1. Estrogen
  2. Progesterone
64
Q

This extends from each ovary to the lateral body wall.

A

Suspensory ligament

65
Q

This attaches ovary to the superior margin of the uterus

A

Ovarian ligament

66
Q

This attaches ovaries to the uterine tubes.

A

Broad ligament

67
Q

This is the formation of egg cells (oocyte).

A

Oogenesis

68
Q

A mature oocyte is called?

A

Ovum / Ova / Egg

69
Q

This is the release of an oocyte from the ovary

A

Ovulation

70
Q

This is the penetration of the sperm cell to the cell membrane of the oocyte

A

Fertilization

71
Q

In an ovary, this is where the ovarian follicles are contained.

A

Cortex

72
Q

In an ovary, this is where the neurovascular structures are contained.

A

Medulla

73
Q

Also known as fallopian tubes or oviducts, this extends from ovaries to the uterus.

A

Uterine tubes

74
Q

This is the opening of each uterine tube

A

Fimbriae

75
Q

Fill in the blank:

Fertilization occurs at the ____________ of the uterine tubes.

A

Ampulla

76
Q

This is oriented in the pelvic cavity.

A

Uterus

77
Q

The main function of this organ is to nourish the developing fetus prior to birth.

A

Uterus

78
Q

This is the site of implantation.

A

Uterus

79
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterine wall from outer to inner?

A
  1. Perimetrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Endometrium
80
Q

This outer serous layer formed from visceral peritoneum.

A

Perimetrium

81
Q

This muscular layer consist of smooth muscle.

A

Myometrium

82
Q

This layer consists of simple columnar epithelial cells, and its superficial part sloughs off during menstruation.

A

Endometrium

83
Q

This is the female organ for copulation

A

Vagina

84
Q

This allows menstrual flow and childbirth

A

Vagina

85
Q

This extends from the uterus to the outside of the body.

A

Vagina

86
Q

This is the vaginal opening that is made up of thin mucous membrane in young females.

A

Hymen

87
Q

The external genitalia of females are also known as?

A

Vulva or pudendum

88
Q

Vulva consists of what?

A

Vestibule

89
Q

These are exocrine glands whose primary function is lactation through lactiferous ducts following pregnancy.

A

Mammary glands

90
Q

Mammary glands are commonly known as?

A

Breasts

91
Q

These are modified sweat glands.

A

Mammary glands

92
Q

What age does the puberty in females occur?

A

11-13 years old, completed by age 16

93
Q

This word is used to indicate the first menstruation of a female.

A

Menarche

94
Q

What tissue is deposited into breasts and hips during the puberty of a female?

A

Adipose tissue

95
Q

This is the monthly series of changes the body goes through to prepare for pregnancy.

A

Menstrual cycle

96
Q

This is the 4 to 5-day period of mild hemorrhage during sloughing off of the part of endometrium.

A

Menses

97
Q

This is the phase between the end of menses and ovulation.

A

Follicular / Proliferative Phase

98
Q

What phase does the endometrium begins to regenerate?

A

Follicular / Proliferative phase

99
Q

This is the phase after ovulation.

A

Secretory phase

100
Q

What phase does the lining of the endometrium reaches its greatest degree of development?

A

Secretory phase

101
Q

Enumerate the 4 series of changes that occurs in a single menstrual cycle:

A
  1. Menstruation
  2. Follicular / Proliferative Phase
  3. Ovulation
  4. Secretory Phase
102
Q

This is the cessation of menstrual cycle.

A

Menopause

103
Q

At what age does menopause happen in females?

A

40 to 50 years old.

104
Q

This is the period of onset of irregular cycles to complete cessation.

A

Climacteric

105
Q

Enumerate the 4 contraceptive methods for controlling a pregnancy:

A
  1. Long acting reversible contraception
  2. Permanent method of birth control
  3. Hormonal Methods
  4. Barrier methods
106
Q

Enumerate the 3 causes of infertility in females:

A
  1. Malfunction of uterine tubes
  2. Reduced hormone secretion from pituitary gland or ovaries (LH and FSH)
  3. Interruption of implantation.

ANAPHY FINALS (3 decks)

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