Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P II > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What type of organ are kidneys considered?

A

A major excretory organ, maintaining the body’s internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A
  • Regulate total water volume and total solute concentration in water
  • Ensure long term acid-base balance
  • Excrete metabolic wastes, toxins, and drugs
  • Produce erythropoietin to regulate RBC production and renin to regulate blood pressure
  • Activate vitamin D
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of ureters?

A

Transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function or urinary bladder?

A

Temporary storage reservoir for urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of urethra?

A

Transports urine out of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the order of urine flow?

A

Renal pyramid -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are nephrons?

A

The structural and functional units that form urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the main two parts of nephrons?

A
  • Renal corpuscle
  • Renal tubule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two main parts of renal corpuscle?

A
  1. Glomerulus:
    - Tufts of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium; highly porous
    - Filtrate: plasma derived fluid that renal tubules process to form urine
  2. Glomerular capsule
    - Aka Bowman’s capsule; cup shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus
    - Consists of two layers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two layers of glomerular capsule?

A
  • Parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium
  • Visceral layer: clings to glomerular capillaries; branching epithelial podocyes; filtration slits b/w foot processes allow filtrate to passes into capsular space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the three major parts of the renal tubule?

A
  1. Proximal convoluted tubule
  2. Nephron loop
  3. Distal convoluted tubule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does distal convoluted tubule drains into?

A

Collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the characteristic of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A
  • Cuboidal cells with dense microvilli that form brush border
  • Reabsorption and secretion
  • Confined to cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the characteristics of the nephron loop?

A
  • Aka loop of Henle
  • U shaped structure consisting of two limbs; descending and ascending limb
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the characteristics of the distal convoluted tubule?

A
  • Cuboidal cells with very few microvilli
  • More secretion than reabsorption
  • Confined to cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the characteristics of the collecting duct?

A

Contains two cell types:
- Principal cells; maintain water and calcium balance
- Intercalated cells; maintain acid-base balance of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two major groups of nephrons?

A
  • Cortical nephrons: Make up 85% of nephrons; almost entirely in cortex
  • Juxtamedullary nephrons: important in production of concentrated urine; long nephron loops deeply in medulla; peritubular capillaries “vasa recta”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the role of juxtaglomerular complex?

A
  • Regulate the rate of filtrate formation (GFR) and blood pressure
  • Production of concentrated urine
19
Q

What is a macula densa and what does it do?

A

Tall, closely packed cells of ascending limb which contains chemoreceptors that sense NaCl content of filtrate

20
Q

What are granular cells and what does it do?

A

Enlarged, smooth muscle cells of arteriole; act as mechanoreceptors to sense blood pressure in afferent arteriole; contain renin

21
Q

What are extraglomerular mesangial cells?

A

Located between arteriole and distal tubule cells

22
Q

How many times do kidneys filter body’s entire plasma volume?

A

60

23
Q

Urine is produced from _____?

A

Less than 1% of original filtrate; contains metabolic wastes and unneeded substances

24
Q

What does porous membrane b/w blood and interior of glomerular capsule do?

A

Allows water and solutes smaller than plasma proteins to pass

25
Q

What are the three layers of the filtration membrane?

A
  1. Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries
  2. Basement membrane: focused basal laminae of two other layers
  3. Foot processes of podocytes with filtration slits; slit diaphragms repel macromolecules
26
Q

What types of molecules do filtration membranes allow to pass through?

A

Molecules smaller than 3nm; water, glucose, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes

27
Q

What happens to the plasma proteins in the filtration membrane?

A

Remain in blood to maintain colloid osmotic pressure to prevent loss of all water to capsular space

28
Q

What are the three steps of the urine formation?

A
  1. Glomerular filtration; produces cell and protein free filtrate
  2. Tubular reabsorption; selectively returns 99% of substances from filtrate to blood in renal tubules and collecting ducts
  3. Tubular secretion: selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts
29
Q

Glomerular filtration is a ______ process

A

Passive (no metabolic energy required)

30
Q

_______ pressure forces fluids and solutes through filtration membrane into glomerular capsule

A

Hydrostatic

31
Q

Why are hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries higher than the ones in capillary beds?

A

The efferent arteriole is a high-resistance vessel with a diameter smaller than afferent arteriole

32
Q

How to calculate NFP (Net filtration pressure)?

A

Outward pressures – inward pressures

33
Q

What happens during tubular reabsorption?

A
  • It quickly reclaims most of tubular contents and returns them to blood
  • Takes place in the renal tubules and collecting ducts
  • Almost all organic nutrients are reabsorbed
  • Includes active and passive tubular reabsorption
34
Q

Reabsorption is hormonally regulated in which areas?

A

ADH
- Released by the posterior pituitary gland
- Causes principal cells of collecting ducts to insert aquaporins in apical membranes, increasing water reabsorption
- Increase in ADH = increase in water reabsorption

Aldosterone
- Targets collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubule
- Promotes synthesis of apical Na and K channels, and basolateral Na KPhase for Na reabsorption
- Increase blood pressure and decrease K levels

35
Q

What are the functional characteristics of PCT (proximal convoluted tubule)?

A
  • Site of most reabsorption
  • All nutrients, e.g. glucose and amino acids
  • 65% of sodium and water reabsorbed
  • Many ions
  • Almost all uric acid
  • About half of urea (later secreted back into filtrate)
36
Q

What happens in the descending limb of the nephron loop?

A

H2O can leave, solutes cannot

37
Q

What happens in the ascending limb of the nephron loop?

A

H2O cannot leave, solutes can

38
Q

What are the functional characteristics of DTC (distal convoluted tubule) and collecting duct?

A
  • Reabsorption is hormonally regulated

ADH released by posterior pituitary gland
- Causes principal cells of collecting ducts to insert aquaporins in apical membranes, increasing water reabsorption (increase in ADH = increase in water reabsorption)

Aldosterone
- Promotes synthesis of apical sodium and potassium channels, and basolateral sodium potassium ATPases for sodium reabsorption
- Increase blood pressure and decrease potassium levels

39
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

Reabsorption in reverse
- Occurs in PCT
- Selected substances are moved from peritublar capillaries through tubule cells out into filtrate e.g. K, H, NH4, creatinine, organic acids and bases

40
Q

What are tubular secretion important for?

A
  • Disposing of substances e.g. drug or metabolites that are bound to plasma proteins
  • Eliminating undesirable substances that were passively reabsorbed e.g. urea and uric acid
  • Ridding body of excess potassium
  • Controlling blood ph by altering amounts of H or HCO3 in urine
41
Q

What is GFR (glomerular filtration rate) ?

A

The amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute
- Normal GFR = 125ml/min
- Depends on the NFP (net filtration pressure)

42
Q

What does NFP (net filtration pressure) rely on?

A

The difference of forces b/w hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure

43
Q

What is chronic renal disease defined as?

A

GFR < 60 ml/min for 3 months
- Decrease of filtrate formation
- Accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in blood
- Acidic ph

44
Q

What is renal failure defined as?

A

GFR < 15 ml/min
- Causes uremia; ionic and hormonal imbalances, metabolic abnormalities, toxic molecule accumulation
- Fatigue, anorexia, nausea, mental changes, cramps
- Treated with hemodialysis

A&P II (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions