Reproductive System

Question 1

What are the primary sex organs and the accessory reproductive organs?

Answer 1

Primary:
- Testes
Secondary:
- Ducts, glands, and external genitalia

Question 2

Where is sperm produced in?

Answer 2

In the seminiferous tubules:
Thick, stratified epithelium surrounding central fluid containing lumen

Question 3

What type of cells surround each seminiferous tubule?

Answer 3

Myoid cells

Question 4

What does semen contain?

Answer 4

A milky white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions.
- Contains fructose for ATP production
- Alkaline fluid neutralizes acidity of male urethra and female vagina and enhances motility

Question 5

Male orgasm/ejaculation are quickly followed by______?

Answer 5

Resolution/relaxation

Question 6

What does the activation of parasympathetic neurons caused by endothelial cells of arterioles release?

Answer 6

Nitric oxide

Question 7

What does the release of nitric oxide cause?

Answer 7

Relaxes smooth muscle in the walls of the arterioles of the penis and in the erectile tissue to dialate

Question 8

What are ovaries and what do they do?

Answer 8

Female gonads, primary sex organ
- Produce female gametes
- Secrete estrogen and progestrerone

Question 9

What are the internal genitalia of female sex organ?

Answer 9

Located in pelvic cavity
- Ovaries and duct system; uterine tubes, uterus and vagina

Question 10

What does female external genitalia (vulva/pudendum) include?

Answer 10

• Mons pubis
• Labia majora
• Labia minora
• Vestubule

Question 11

Greater vestibular glands in female is homologous to _______?

Answer 11

Bulbo-urethral glands

Question 12

What are ovarian follicles?

Answer 12

Tiny saclike structures embedded in cortex

Question 13

What are the stages of follicles?

Answer 13

• Primordial
• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary/vesicular/antral

Question 14

What is ovulation?

Answer 14

• Ejection of oocyte from ripening follicle
• Corpus luteum develops from ruptured follicle after ovulation

Question 15

What are the two layers of endometrium (strata)?

Answer 15

• Stratum functionalis: changes in response to ovarian hormone cycles. Shed during menstration
• Stratum basalis: Forms new stratum functionalis after menstruation. Unresponsive to ovarian hormones

Question 16

What is oogenesis?

Answer 16

Prodution of female game which starts in fetal period

Question 17

When does meiosis stop in primary oocytes?

Answer 17

In late prophase I
- Resumes only years later for some of them after puberty

Question 18

When does meiosis stop in secondary oocytes?

Answer 18

In metaphase II
- Only completed if fertilization occurs

Question 19

How long is an ovarian cycle?

Answer 19

28 days

Question 20

How many phases are in an ovarian cycle?

Answer 20

Two consecutive phases
- Ovulation occurring midcycle between phases

Question 21

What causes ovary wall to rupture?

Answer 21

Rising levels of LH

Question 22

What does corpus luteum secrete in the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

Answer 22

Progesterone and some estrogen

Question 23

What happens in the days 1-5 menstrual phase?

Answer 23

• Stratum functionalis detaches from uterine wal and is shed
• By day 5, growing ovarian follicales start to prodduce more estrogen

Question 24

What happens in the days 6-14 proliferative (preovulatory) phase?

Answer 24

• Rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new stratum functionlis layer
• Ovulation occures at end of proliferative phase on day 14

Question 25

What happens in the days 15-28 secretory (postovulatory) phase?

Answer 25

• Endometrium prepares for embryo to implant

Rising progesterone levels from corpus luteum prompt:
- Functional layer to become a secretory mucosa
- Endometrial glands to enlarge and secrete nutrients into uterine cavity