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A&P II > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Supply body with oxygen for cellular respiration
  • Dispose of carbon dioxide, a waste of cellular respiration
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2
Q

What process does respiratory system involve?

A
  • Pulmonary ventilation (breathing): movement of air in and out of lungs
  • External respiration: diffusion of gasses b/w blood and lungs
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3
Q

What process does circulatory system involve?

A
  • Transport of O2 and CO2 in blood
  • Internal respiration: diffusion of gasses b/w blood and tissues
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4
Q

What does upper respiratory system consists of?

A

Nose, nasal cavity, and the pharynx

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5
Q

What does lower respiratory system consist of?

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

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6
Q

What are the two zones of respiratory system?

A
  1. Respiratory zone: site of gas exchange (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli)
  2. Conducting zone: transport gas to and from gas exchange sites. Cleanses, warms, and humidifies air
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7
Q

What are the functions of nose?

A
  • Provide an airway for respiration
  • Moistens and warms entering air
  • Filters and clean inspired air
  • Serves as a resonating chamber for speech
  • Houses the olfactory/smell receptors
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8
Q

What do alveolar walls consist of?

A
  • Single layer of squamous epithelium (type I alveolar cells)
  • Scattered cuboidal (type II alveolar cells) secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
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9
Q

What does surfactant secreted by type II alveolar cells do?

A

Reduces the surface tension to avoid lungs from collapsing

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10
Q

What is respiratory membrane made out of?

A

Layers of epithelial tissues and basement membranes.

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11
Q

What do alveolar pores do?

A
  • Connect adjacent alveoli
  • Equalize air pressure throught lung
  • Provide alternate routes in case of blockages
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12
Q

What do alveolar macrophages do?

A

Keep alveolar surfaces sterile

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13
Q

What is a pleurae?

A

Thin, double layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum

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14
Q

What is partietal pleura?

A

Membrane on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart and b/w lungs

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15
Q

What is visceral pleura?

A

Membrane on external lung surface

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16
Q

What is an atmospheric pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by air surrounding the body
760mm Hg at sea level = 1 atmosphere

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17
Q

Respiratory pressures are always described relative to ?

A

Atmospheric pressure (P atm): the pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body

18
Q

What is the intrapulmonary pressure (P pul)?

A

The pressure in the alveoli (intra-alveolar pressure)
- Raises and falls with breathing but always equalizes with the atmospheric pressure eventually
- Pressure decreases as volume increases during inspiration
- Pressure increases during expiration

19
Q

What is the intrapleural pressure (P ip)?

A

The pressure in the pleural cavity
- Pressure becomes negative during inspiration
- Always about 4mm Hg less than P pul.
- P ip is always negative relative to P pul and P atm

20
Q

What causes negative intrapleural pressure?

A
  • The lungs’ natural tendency to recoil
  • The surface tension of the alveolar fluid
21
Q

What is the transpulmonary pressure?

A

The difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure (P pul - P ip)
- Keeps the lungs from collapsing
- The size of the transpulmonary pressure determines the size of the lungs
- The greater the transpulmonary pressure, the larger the lungs

22
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

The relationship b/w the pressure and volume of a gas has an inverse relationship

23
Q

What is inspiration?

A

Active process involving inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostals)
- Diaphragm contacts and moves down
- External intercostals contract and lifts up and out rib cage
- Causes intrapulmonary pressure (P ip) to drop by 1mm Hg
- Due to the transpulmonary pressure, air flows into lungs, down its pressure gradient until P pul = P atm
- P ip lowers to 6mm Hg less than P atm

24
Q

What is expiration?

A

Passive process
- Inspiratory muscles relax, thoracic cavity volume decreases, and lungs recoil
- Volume decrease causes intrapulmonary pressure (P pul) to increase by 1mm Hg
- P pul > P atm so air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until P pul = P atm

25
Q

Respiratory volumes can be combined to calculate _______ ?

A

Respiratory capacities

26
Q

What is TV tidal volume?

A

Amount of air moved in and out of lung with each breath

27
Q

What is IRV inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume

28
Q

What is ERV expiratory reserve volume?

A

Amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs

29
Q

What is RV residual volume?

A

Amount of air that always remains in lungs (to keep alveoli open and prevent lung collapse)

30
Q

How to calculate IC inspiratory capacity?

A

TV + IRV

31
Q

How to calculate FRC functional residual capacity?

A

RV + ERV

32
Q

How to calculate VC vital capacity?

A

TV + IRV + ERV

33
Q

How to calculate TLC total lung capacity?

A

TV + IRV + ERV + RV

34
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

Space that does not contribute to gas exchange which consists of air that remains in passageways

Alveolar dead space: space occupied by nonfunctional alveoli

Total dead space: sum of anatomical and alveolar dead space

35
Q

Where do gas exchanges occur?

A

B/w lungs and blood, and blood and tissues

36
Q

What is a partial pressure?

A

The pressure that a gas, in a mixture of gases, would exert if it alone occupied the whole volume occupied by the mixture.

37
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

When a gas is in contact with a liquid, the gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure

38
Q

How to calculate the partial pressure of O2?

A

PA (atmospheric pressure) x Percentage of O2 in the atmosphere

39
Q

In what 3 ways is carbon dioxide transported in blood?

A
  1. Dissolved in plasma
  2. Bound to the globin part of hemoglobin (aka carbaminohemoglobin)
  3. Transported as bicarbonate ions in plasma
40
Q

What happens during internal respiration? (blood and tissue)

A

O2 goes into tissue and CO2 picked up into the blood

41
Q

What happens during external respiration? (blood and lungs)

A

O2 is picked up into the blood and CO2 is leased into the lungs

A&P II (6 decks)

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