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END TERM > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Diffusion

A
  • Spreading of any particles in a solution.
  • Moves from a high concentration to a low concentration on a concen. gradient
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2
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane down a concentration gradient.
- Dilute solution to concentrated solution.

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3
Q

Why is osmosis important?

A

Important for homeostasis to control water balance

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4
Q

Why is diffusion important?

A

Important for homeostasis for movement of substances
Ex: O2 into the blood and CO2 out

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5
Q

Active transport

A

-Uses energy to move substances against a concentration gradient across a semipermeable membrane.
- Transport in cells pick up particles and move them across the membrane

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6
Q

Why is active transport important?

A

Important in homeostasis in order to move substances into cells and moving glucose and sodium ions inside the kidneys

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7
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys? (4)

A
  1. Filtration: reabsorption, secretion
  2. Fluid balance: regulation
  3. Acid-base: balance regulation
  4. Hormone: production
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8
Q

List the upper urinary system

A

Two kidneys
Two ureters

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9
Q

List the lower urinary system

A

Urinary bladder
Urethra

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10
Q

Which kidney is more cranial?

A

The right kidney!

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11
Q

Glomerulus (“ball of yard” in Latin)

A

-“tuft” of capillaries
Function: Glom. capillaries filter some of the plasma out of the blood and put it in the capsular space of bowman’s capsule

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12
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

Surrounds glomerulus

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13
Q

Urea

A

Nitrogen containing compound

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14
Q

polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst

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15
Q

Polyurea

A

Frequent urination

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16
Q

Urolithiasis

A

Stones in the urinary tract

17
Q

Uremia

A

Excessive urea/nitrogen in the blood

18
Q

Nephron

A
  • Functional unit of the kidney
  • Main goal is to processes waste from the blood to create urine
19
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

A

Tubule NEAREST to the globulus

20
Q

Production of urine:

A

Nephrons take wastes and toxins from the blood stream and turn it into urine to be expelled from the body.

21
Q

Important substances for homeostasis

A

Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, glucose, amino acids, chloride, bicarbonate, and water

22
Q

What determines urine volume regulation?

A

Volume of water contained in the tubular filtrate when reaching the pelvis

23
Q

What two hormones are responsible for the majority of urine vol regulation?

A

Two hormones:
1. Antidiuretic (released from posterior pituitary gland)
2. Aldosterone (secreted by adrenal cortex)

24
Q

What is antidiuretic (ADH) role in urine vol regulation?
Hint: without it, there would be polyuria

A

Acts on the DCT/collecting ducts to promote water reabsorption and prevent water loss from the body.

25
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

A
  • Continuation of the ascending loop of Henle
  • Empties into the collecting ducts
26
Q

Loop of Henle:
Location and function

A
  • Location: Descends from PCT into medulla, turns, heads upward into the cortex
  • Function: At the bottom loop, epithelial cells flatten to simple squamous cells and lose their brush border
27
Q

Renal corpuscle’s location and function

A
  • Location: Renal cortex
  • Function: Filters blood in the first stage of urine production
28
Q

Peritubular capillaries

A

Converge to form venules, then larger veins, and finally the renal vein

29
Q

Renal vein

A

Leaves the kidney at the hilus

30
Q

List the main blood vessels associated with the kidneys (4)

A
  1. Right renal vein
  2. Right renal artery
  3. Left renal vein
  4. Left renal artery
31
Q

Urinary bladder structure and function

A
  • Structure: Lined with transitional epithelium that stretches as the bladder becomes filled with urine. Walls contain smooth muscle bundles. Neck of bladder extends caudally from the sac into the pelvic canal & joins the urethra. Neck of urinary are circular muscles of skeletal muscle fibers
  • Function: Controls urination
32
Q

Ureters structure and function

A
  • Structure: Leave kidneys at hilus. Outer fibrous layer, middle smooth muscle, and inner layer lined with transitional epithelium.
  • Function: Smooth muscle propels urine through ureter by peristaltic contractions
33
Q

Micturition (simplified)

A

Expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder into the urethra

34
Q

The control of urine (micturition process)

A
  1. Urine accumulates until pressure of the filling bladder activates stretch receptors in bladder wall
  2. Spinal reflex returns a motor impulse to bladder muscles causing them to contract
    - Contraction gives the sensation to urinate
  3. Voluntary control of the muscle sphincter around the neck of the bladder results in temp control of urination
35
Q

Urethra structure and function

A
  • Structure: Continuation of the neck of the urinary bladder. Lined with transitional epithelium which allows it to expand.
  • Function: Carries the urine from the bladder to the external environment.
36
Q

Male vs female urethras

A
  • Male: Urethra runs down the center of the penis and functions in the reproductive system.
  • Female: Urethra (shorter than the male’s) opens on the ventral portion of the vestibule of the vulva
37
Q

Production of urination

A
  1. Blood is forced into the glomerulus, then into the bowman capsule (filtrate).
  2. PCT: Salt, glucose, Ka+, bicarbon, and water are reabsorbed.
  3. H+ & ammonium are secreted into prox tube.
  4. Descending loop: water will move to the hypertonic interstitial fluid.
  5. Ascending loop: NaCl can diffuse out in thin, then use active transport in the thick portion.
  6. DCT: H+ ammonium, Ka+ secreted back in. NaCl, water, bicarb reabsorbed.
  7. Collecting duct: Hormones will control the amount of fluids reabsorbed and the rest will be urine!
38
Q

What is commonly in filtrate? (blood after it passes the Bowmans capsule)

A
  1. Salt
  2. Water
  3. Glucose
  4. Amino Acids
  5. Bicarbonate ions
  6. H+
  7. UREA!
  8. (sometimes) Medications

END TERM (9 decks)

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