Hemolymphatic System

Question 1

Composition of blood:

Answer 1

Liquid portion: plasma
Cellular portion: RBC, WBC, platelets

Question 2

Characteristics of mature erythrocytes (RBC)

Answer 2

• Anuclear biconcave disks
• 65% water and 35% solids

Question 3

Hemoglobin structure

Answer 3

• Heme: pigmented portion; produced by mitochondria, contains iron atoms (Fe++)
• Goblin: protein portion; produced by ribosomes.
  4 heme group per goblin

Question 4

Extravascular Hemolysis

Answer 4

1. Macrophages remove senescent RBCs from circulation. RBC are broken down into components that can be recycled in the body or eliminated.
2. RBC membrane destroyed
3. Iron transported to red bone marrow
4. AA from globin mol are transported to the liver for re-use
   (there’s more i just didn’t include it)

Question 5

Senescence

Answer 5

Process of ageing

Question 6

Intravascular hemolysis

Answer 6

• RBCs in circulation subjected to stresses
• This can result in RBC fragmentation and/or destruction
• Hemoglobin released directly into the blood stream

Question 7

Thrombocytes (platelets) functions

Answer 7

1. Maintain vascular integrity
2. Formation of platelet plugging
3. Stabilize the hemostatic plug
   IMPORTANT: 4. Plays a role in blood coagulation!
   - No nucleus

Question 8

Leukocytes (WBC) and their functions (3)

Answer 8

1. Neutrophil: phagocytosis, fights infections.
2. Basophil: Histamine (initiate inflammation) and heparin (local anticoagulant). Acute & delayed allergic reactions.
3. Eosinophil: anti-inflammatory, immunity, phagocytosis.

Question 9

Non-specific immune reactions

Answer 9

• Made up of neutrophils and macrophages.
• Ingest foreign cells/materials.
• Then pathogens are presented to the specific immune system.

Question 10

Specific immunity

Answer 10

• Made up of memory cells, B-cells and T-cells.
• Will take pathogens presented by non-specific and create antibodies.
• Now the cells have “memory” of the pathogens.

Question 11

Natural killer cells
“destroyer cells”

Answer 11

Come in direct contact with with tumor and tissues cells that have been invaded by viruses and destroy them

Question 12

Types of immunoglobulins: (5)

Answer 12

1. IgM: first Ig made during exposure to an antigen
2. IgG: made when animals exposed to an antigen for a long time or when exposed to the antigen for the second time
3. IgA: can leave blood and enter tissues fluids; plays a role in protecting mucosal surfaces
4. IgE: associated with allergic responses
5. IgD: function is unknown :(

Question 13

GALT: Gut Associated Lymph Tissue
(This is the largest lymphoid organ in the body!)

Answer 13

• Lymphoid tissue found in the intestinal mucosa and submucosa
• GALT is classified as both central and peripheral lymphoid tissue

Question 14

Structure, location, and function of Tonsils

Answer 14

• Structure: Nodules of peripheral lymphoid tissue. Not covered with a capsule
• Location: Found close to mucosal surfaces all over the body. In the beg of lymph drainage system.
• Function: In pharyngeal region prevent spread of infection into respiratory/digestive systems.

Question 15

Thymus location, structure, and function
Hint: This is most prominent in young animals

Answer 15

• Structure: In the caudal neck and cranial thoracic region either side of the trachea.
• Location: In the chest above/cranial to heart.
• Function: Processes thymocytes and T-cells

Question 16

Spleen location, function, and structure
(2nd largest lymphoid organ!)

Answer 16

• Structure: Tongue-shaped organ on the left side of the abdomen
• Location: Near stomach in simple stomached animals and near ruminant in ruminants.
• Function: White pulp is in localized areas of lymphoid tissue. Red pulp is blood vessels, tissue macrophages, and blood sinuses

Question 17

What are functions of red pulp in the spleen? (3)
White pulp? (1)

Answer 17

• Red pulp:
  1. Blood storage
  2. Removal of forgein material from circulation by tissues macrophages
  3. Removal of dead, dying and abnormal RBC by tissues macrophages.
• White pulp: Lymphocyte cloning during an immune response.

Question 18

Lymph node location, structure, and types

Answer 18

• Structure: Small kidney-bean-shaped.
• Location: Various points along the lymph vessels.
• Types: Afferent, efferent, cortex, and medulla

Question 19

Function of afferent, efferent, medulla, and cortex lymph nodes
FINISH!

Answer 19

1. Afferent lymph vessels empty fluid just beneath the capsule (go in).
2. Efferent lymph vessels exit the lymph node in indented hilus area (go out).
3. Cortex
4. Medulla

Question 20

Thrombocytes (platelets) origin
Note: This isn’t a complete cell

Answer 20

• The cytoplasm of a megakaryocyte
• Megakaryocyte goes thru mitosis w/o dividing, only getting more nuclei, this allows platelets to trim off into the general circulation
• Simplified: Hemopoietic stem cell -> promegakaryocyte -> megakaryocyte -> platelet

Question 21

Thrombopoiesis

Answer 21

The production of platelets

Question 22

Passive immunity

Answer 22

• Receiving antibodies from an external source
• Maternal antibodies that are passed from mother to fetus through the placenta (transplacental)
• Antibody rich milk the mother produces right before/after birth that off spring will consume

Question 23

Active immunity

Answer 23

• Exposure to antigen that triggers animals own immune response
• Memory T- or B-cells are produced
• Can be achieved through vaccination (killed or modified live) or from environment

Question 24

Formation of lymph fluid (lymph formation)

Answer 24

• Excess interstitial tissue (AKA fluid) picked up by small lymph capillaries that start blindly in the interstitial spaces of soft tissue.
• Fluid enters/leaves tissues spaces due to blood pressure and osmotic pressure

Question 25

Lymph circulation FINISH

Question 26

Lymphatic system functions

Answer 26

1. Removal of excess tissue fluid 2. Waste material transport - Interstitial fluid contains some of the waste, materials from the tissue cells 3. Filtration of the lymph - Removal of microorganisms, cellular debris, and other foreign matter 4. Protein transport

Question 27

Functions of the immune system (4)

Answer 27

1. Ohagocyotsis and destruction of forgein cells 2. Lysis of forgein cell membranes 3. Inactivation of pathogenic organisms or chemical substances 4. Precipitation or agglutination

Question 28

Monocyte: function and description

Answer 28

- Function: Most important phagocytic cell. - Description: Largest peripheral WBC. Indented nucleus. Blue-gray cytoplasm and sometimes contained vacuoles.

Question 29

Lymphocyte: function and description

Answer 29

- Function: Regulates immune system. Plays a role in antibody production - Description: Smallest WBC. Round blue nucleus and light blue cytoplasm.

Question 30

Erythrocyte: function and description

Answer 30

- Function: Transports O2 and CO2. - Description: Biconcave disc. Stains pink-red.