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Anatomy and Physiology: 2 > urinary system > Flashcards

urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of your Kidney?

A
  • removal of toxins, metabolic waste, and excess ions from the blood
  • regulation of blood volume, chemical composition, pH
  • Regulate blood Vol and Pressure
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2
Q

What is Gluconeogenesis?

A

formation of new glucose from glycerol and amino acids

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3
Q

what is erythropoietin?

A

regulation of RBC production

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4
Q

What is Renin?

A

Regulation of blood pressure and kidney function

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5
Q

What are the components of nitrogenous waste?

A

Uric acid, ammonia, urea, creatine

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5
Q

what is waste?

A

any substance useless to the body or present in excess body’s needs

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6
Q

what is metabolic waste?

A

waste substance produced by the body

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7
Q

what is the process of urea formation?

A

proteins -> amino acids -> NH2 removed -> forms ammonia -> liver converts ammonia to urea

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8
Q

What is uric acid?

A

It is the product of nucleic acid catabolism

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9
Q

what is creatine?

A

product of creatine phosphate catabolism

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10
Q

what does it mean that kidney’s are retroperitoneal?

A

it means that they are located behind the peritoneum

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11
Q

what is the renal parenchyma?

A

Glandular tissue that forms urine

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12
Q

what is the renal sinus?

A

the cavity that contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and urine-collecting structure

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13
Q

what are the two zones of the renal parenchyma?

A
  • outer renal cortex
  • inner renal medulla
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14
Q

what makes up the renal cortex?

A

granular superficial regions

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15
Q

what makes up the renal medulla?

A

the cone-shaped medullary (renal) pyramids separated by renal columns

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16
Q

what is the Papilla?

A

tip of pyramid; releases urine into minor calyx

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17
Q

what is the major calyces?

A

the branching channels of the renal pelvis that
- collect urine from minor calyces
- empty urine into the renal pelvis

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18
Q

what does the cortex region do for the kidneys?

A

Peritubular capillaries branch off of the efferent arterioles supplying the tissue near the glomerulus, tje proximal and distal convoluted tubules

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19
Q

what does the medulla region do for the kidneys?

A

efferent arterioles give rise to the vasa recta, supplying the nephron loop portion of the nephron

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19
Q

what are juxtamedullary nephrons? and what do they do?

A
  • 15% of all nephrons
  • very long nephron loop, maintain salinity gradient in the medulla and help conserve water
  • efferent arterioles branch into vasa recta around long nephron loop
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20
Q

what are cortical nephrons? and what do they do?

A
  • 85% of all nephrons
  • short nephron loops
  • efferent arterioles branch into peritubular capillaries around PCT and DCT
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21
Q

about how many nephrons are in each kidney?

A

1 million

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22
Q

what is the function of kidneys?

A

To form urine

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23
Q

what are the two main parts of nephrons? and what do they do?

A

renal corpuscle: filter the blood plasma
renal tubule: long, coiled tube that converts the filtrate into urine

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24
Q

what is the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule made of?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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25
Q

what is the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule made of?

A

elaborate cells called podocytes that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus

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26
Q

what are the basic stages of urine formation?

A

1) Glomerular formation: creates a plasma-like filtrate in the blood
2) tubular reabsorption: removes useful solutes from the filtrate, returns them to the blood
3) tubular secretion removes: additional waste from the blood, adds them to the filtrate
4) water conservation: removes water from the urine and returns it to blood; concentrates wastes

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27
Q

what is allowed to pass through glomerular filtration membrane?

A
  • water
  • electrolytes
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • fatty acids
  • vitamins
  • urea
  • uric acid
  • creatinine
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28
Q

what does filtration pressure depend on?

A

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure on each side of the filtration membrane

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28
Q

what are the forces involved in glomerular filtration?

A
  • colloid osmotic pressure of filtrate = 0mm
  • blood hydrostatic pressure = 60mm
  • colloid osmotic pressure of blood = -32mm
  • capsular pressure = -18mm
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29
Q

what is colloid osmotic pressure of filtrate?

A

pressure exerted by proteins drawing water into the tubules
- opposing force to hydrostatic pressure

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30
Q

what is blood hydrostatic pressure?

A

high in glomerular capillaries because afferent arteriole is larger that efferent arteriole: a large inlet and small outlet

31
Q

what is capsular hydrostatic pressure?

A

due to high filtration rate and continual accumulation of fluid in the capsule

32
Q

what is osmotic pressure of blood?

A

pressure exerted by proteins drawing water into the circulatory system
- it is the opposing force ti hydrostatic pressure

33
Q

what happens if GFR is too high?

A
  • Fluid flows through renal tubules too rapidly for them to reabsorb
    the usual amount of water and solutes
    – Urine output rises
    – Chance of dehydration and electrolyte depletion
  • Macula densa detects increased filtrate [NaCl], secretes ATP
    – Granular cells respond by constricting afferent arterioles
    – Constriction reduces blood flow which corrects GFR
34
Q

what happens if GFR is too low?

A
  • Wastes are not flitered
    – Azotemia may occur (abnormally high levels of nitrogen)
  • Granular cells also contain granules of renin, which they secrete in
    response to drop in blood pressure (mechanoreceptors)
    – Participate in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that works to
    control blood volume and pressure
35
Q

what is the Average GFR?

A

125 ml/min
180 L filtered
1.5 L urine made daily

36
Q

What are the three homeostatic mechanism that control GFR? and what type of regulatory mechanisms are they?

A
  1. renal autoregulation: intrinsic reg
    - myogenic mechanism
    - tubuloglomerular feedback
  2. sympathetic control: extrinsic reg
  3. Hormonal control: extrinsic reg
37
Q

what is renal autoregulation?

A
  • The ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without external (nervous or hormonal) control
38
Q

what happens if arterial BP decreases in the myogenic mechanism?

A
  • Afferent arteriole relaxes
  • Afferent arteriole dilates and allows blood to flow more easily into
    the glomerulus, so that the flow rate remains similar and filtration remains stable
38
Q

what is the myogenic mechanism?

A

Based on the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when
stretched

39
Q

what happens if arterial BP increases in the myogenic mechanism?

A
  • The afferent arteriole is stretched
  • Afferent arteriole constricts and prevents blood flow into the
    glomerulus from changing
40
Q

what is tubuloglomerular feedback?

A
  • Glomerulus receives feedback on the status of downstream tubular fluid and adjusts the filtration rate accordingly
  • Regulates filtrate composition, stabilizes kidney performance, and compensates for fluctuations in blood pressure
41
Q

what is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

complex structure found at the end
of the nephron loop where it has just reentered the renal cortex

42
Q

what is the Macula Densa?

A

cluster of modified epithelial cells of the renal tubule

43
Q

what are granular cells?

A

modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole

44
Q

what does the sympathetic control do?

A
  • they innervate the renal blood vessels
  • constrict the afferent arterioles in strenuous exercise
  • reduce GFR and urine output
45
Q

what effect does hormonal control have on GFR?

A
  • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism is a system of hormones that helps control blood pressure and GFR
  • drop in BP, baroreceptors in the carotid and aorta stimulate the Symp NS
  • release renin
46
Q

what does angiotensin 2 do?

A

increases BP
- potent vasoconstrictoror
- stimulates the adrenal cortex
- stimulates posterior pituitary to secrete ADH
- stimulate thirst

47
Q

how much glomerular filtrate does the PCT reabsorb?

A

65%

48
Q

what is one of the most important elements that the PCT reabsorbs? and why

A

Sodium
- Creates an osmotic and electrical gradient that drives the
reabsorption of water and other solutes

48
Q

What does the PCT include?

A
  • nonregulated reabsorption
  • 70% of NA+ and H2) absorbed
  • absorbs glucose
  • microvilli present
  • mitochondria and leaky tight junctions
49
Q

what happens during tubular reabsorption?

A
  • Kidneys reduce 180 L of glomerular filtrate to 1-2 L of
    urine per day
  • Two-thirds of water in filtrate is reabsorbed in PCT
  • Reabsorption of solutes makes the tubule cells and tissue
    fluid hypertonic to tubular fluid
50
Q

what is the name of the water channels in the tubules?

A

aquaporins

51
Q

what is the transport maximum?

A
  • The amount of solute that renal tubules can reabsorb is limited by the number of transport proteins in tubule cells’ membranes
52
Q

when is the transport maximum reached?

A

when the transporters are saturated

53
Q

what is the normal plasma glucose?

A

80-110 mg/dl

54
Q

what are the purposes of secretion in PCT and the nephron loop?

A
  1. Acid–base balance
    - Secretion of varying proportions of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
    helps regulate the pH of body fluids
  2. Waste removal
    - Urea, uric acid, bile acids, ammonia, and a little creatinine
  3. Clearance of drugs and contaminants
    - morphine, penicillin, and aspirin
55
Q

what does the loop of henle do?

A
  • creates an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla
  • critical in water conservation
56
Q

what does the distal tubule and the collecting duct include?

A
  • smaller and fewer microvilli
  • less mitochondria
  • tight tight junctions
  • hormone secretion ( if secreted become active)
57
Q

what hormones are regulated in the DCT and collecting duct?

A
  • aldosterone
  • antidiuretic hormone
  • atrial natriuretic peptide
57
Q

what does the fluid arriving in the DCT still contain?

A
  • 20% water
  • 7% salts
58
Q

what are the trigger and functions os aldosterone in the DCT and collecting duct?

A

Trigger:
- when blood Na+ concentration falls or K+ concentration rises
– a drop in blood pressure > renin release > angiotensin II formation > stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
functions:
- stimulates reabsorption of NA+ and secretion of K+
* Water and Cl- follow the NA+
* The net effect is that the body retains NaCl and water
* Helps maintain bV and BP

59
Q

what are the trigger and functions os adh in the DCT and collecting duct?

A

Triggers:
– Dehydration, loss of blood volume, and rising blood osmolarity stimulate arterial baroreceptors and hypothalamic
osmoreceptors
– This triggers the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary
Functions:
– ADH makes the collecting duct more permeable to water
– Water in the tubular fluid reenters the tissue fluid and bloodstream rather than being lost in urine

60
Q

what are the triggers and functions os anp in the DCT and collecting duct?

A

Triggers:
– Secreted by atrial myocardium of the heart in response to high
blood pressure
Functions:
1. Dilates afferent arteriole, constricts efferent arteriole:  GFR
2. Inhibits renin and aldosterone secretion
3. Inhibits secretion of ADH
4. Inhibits NaCl reabsorption by collecting duct

61
Q

what does the ability of the kidney s to concentrate urine depend on?

A

salinity gradient

62
Q

what is the gradient established and maintained by?

A
  • countercurrent multiplier of loop of Henle
  • countercurrent exchange system in vasa recta
  • urea recycling
63
Q

what is the avg urine volume?

A

1 to 2 L/day

63
Q

what are the factors of the countercurrent multiplier of Loop of Henle?

A
  • PCT, water reabsorption
  • LoH, water reabsorption is not automatically
    – Descending limb: water moves out
  • Permeable to water
  • Impermeable to salts
    – Ascending limb: salts pumped out
  • Impermeable to water
  • Permeable to salts
64
Q

what is polyuria?

A

output > 2L/day

65
Q

what is oliguria?

A

output < 500 ml/day

66
Q

what is Anuria?

A

0 to 100 ml/day

67
Q

what is urinalysis?

A

examination of physical and chemical properties of urine

68
Q

what is the osmolarity of urine?

A

blood = 300mOsm/L

69
Q

what is urine pH?

A

4.5 to 8.3

70
Q

what is urines chemical composition?

A

95% water
5% solutes

71
Q

what diuretics increase and decrease GFR?

A

increase: caffeine
decrease: Alcohol

72
Q

what do the ureters do?

A

muscular tubes that extend from each kidney to the bladder

73
Q

what is the bladder?

A

a muscular sac that stores urine

74
Q

what is the urethra?

A

the tube that conveys urine out of the body

75
Q

what is micturition?

A

act of urinating

Anatomy and Physiology: 2 (6 decks)

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