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Anatomy and Physiology: 2 > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of breathing?

A

to get oxygen down to the mitochondria of the cells for ATP production

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2
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • gas exchange
  • communication
  • olfaction
  • acid-base balance
  • blood pressure regulation
  • blood and lymph flow
  • blood filtration
  • expulsion of abdominal contents
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3
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • In head and neck
  • nose through larynx
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4
Q

What makes up the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • organs of the thorax
  • trachea through lungs
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5
Q

What is the conducting zone?

A

A system of tubes that delivers air to the alveoli

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6
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

It consists of alveoli and other gas exchange regions

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7
Q

What are the major organs of the respiratory system?

A
  • nose, nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi and their branches
  • lungs and alveoli
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8
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

It closes the entrance to the larynx and trachea (prevent food from going down wind pipe)

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9
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

food pipe

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10
Q

What do alveoli’s do and where are they located?

A
  • tiny air sacs
  • in the lungs
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11
Q

which is anterior, which is posterior (trachea/esophagus)?

A
  • trachea: anterior
  • esophagus: posterior
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12
Q

Where is the visceral pleura located?

A

serous membrane that covers the lungs

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13
Q

where is the parietal pleura located?

A

mediastinum, inner surface of the rib cage, and superior surface of the diaphram

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14
Q

Where is the pleural cavity located?

A

potential space between pleurae

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15
Q

What are the function of pleurae and pleural fluid?

A
  • reduce friction
  • create pressure gradient
  • lower pressure then atmospheric pressure
  • compartmentalization: prevents spread from one organ to another
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15
Q

What is the Pharynx?

A

the muscular funnel extending about 5 inches from the choanae to the larynx
- (voice box), which, in turn, moves air to your trachea and lungs

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16
Q

Where is the point where vessels enter and exit?

A

Root of lung at hilum

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16
Q

what are the three regions of the pharynx?

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • larynngopharynx
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17
Q

What is the oropharynx?

A
  • space between soft palate and epiglottis
  • contains palatine tonsils
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17
Q

what is the nasopharynx?

A
  • posterior to nasal apertures and above soft palate
  • receives auditory tubes and contains pharyngeal tonsil
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18
Q

What is the laryngopharynx?

A
  • epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
  • esophagus begins at that point
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19
Q

What is the primary function of the Larynx?

A

keep food and drink out of the airway

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20
Q

What is the Epiglottis and what is its function?

A
  • flap of cartilage that prevents unwanted things from going down the trachea
  • closes airway and directs food to esophagus
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20
Q

what is a tracheostomy?

A

insertion of a temporary breathing tube

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21
Q

At what diameter is the structure a bronchiole?

A

less then 1mm

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22
Q

What are the factors that facilitate efficient gas exchange?

A
  1. huge surface area
  2. copious blood supply
  3. thin respiratory membrane
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23
Q

What is pulomonary ventilation?

A

A repetitive cycle of inspiration and expiration

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23
Q

What is the respiratory cycle?

A

one complete inspiration and expiration

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24
Q

what is forced respiration?

A

deep, rapid breathing

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25
Q

what is quiet respiration?

A

while at rest, effortless and automatic

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26
Q

What 2 phases does Pulmonary Ventilation consist of?

A
  • inspiration
  • expiration
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27
Q

What volume changes do the ventilation processes depend on?

A

thoracic cavity
(vol up/p d)

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28
Q

what is atmospheric pressure?

A

pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body

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29
Q

how do the pleurae layers stick together?

A

cohesion of water

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30
Q

What is intrapulmonary (intra-alveolar) pressure.

A
  • pressure in the alveoli
  • fluctuates with breathing
  • 760mm Hg
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31
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A
  • pressure in the pleural cavity
  • always a negative pressure
  • (-4mm Hg)
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32
Q

What type of process is inspiration?

A
  • active
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33
Q

What is Pneumothorax?

A

the presence of air in pleural cavity

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34
Q

What are the sequence of events for inspiration?

A
  1. inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends; rib cage rises)
  2. thoracic cavity vol incr
  3. lungs are stretched; intrapul vol incr
  4. intrapul pressure drops (to -1mm Hg)
  5. air flows into lungs down pressure gradient until intrapul press =0
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35
Q

What type of process is Expiration?

A
  • passive
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36
Q

What are the sequence of events for expiration?

A
  1. Inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises; rib cage descends due to recoil of costal cartilages)
  2. thoracic cavity vol decr
  3. elastic lungs recoil passively; intrap vol decr
  4. intrapul pressure rises (to +1mm Hg)
  5. air flows out of lungs down press gradient until intrapul = 0
37
Q

what is the relationship between resistance and airflow?

A

increased resistance = decreased airflow

38
Q

what are the factors that influence resistance to airflow?

A
  • diameter of the bronchioles
  • pulmonary compliance
39
Q

what is bronchodilation?

A

increase in diameter of a bronchus or bronchiole

39
Q

what stimulants stimulate dilation?

A

epinephrine and sympathetic stimulation
- increased airflow

39
Q

What is bronchoconstriction?

A

decrease in diameter of a bronchus or bronchiole

40
Q

what is pulmonary compliance?

A

ease with which the lungs can expand
- the change in lung vol relative to a given pressure change

40
Q

what stimulants stimulate constriction?

A

histamine, parasympathetic nerves, cold air, and chemical irritant
- decrease airflow

41
Q

how is compliance reduced?

A

degenerative lung diseases in which the lungs are stiffened by scar tissue

41
Q

how is compliance limited?

A

by the surface tension of the water film inside alveoli

42
Q

is all air that is inhaled available for gas exchange?

A

no, only air that enter the alveoli

43
Q

what is atomic dead space?

A

conducting zone of airway where there is no gas exchange (150ml)

44
Q

what does sympathetic dilation do to dead space?

A

increases dead space allowing for greater flow

45
Q

what is physiologic dead space?

A

sum of anatomic dead space and any pathological alveolar dead space

46
Q

what is a spirometer?

A

a device that recaptures expired breath and records such variables as rate and death of breathing, speed of expiration, and rate of oxygen consumption

47
Q

what is tidal volume and its avg value?

A

amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
- 500 ml (150ml stay in dead space)

48
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

49
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume?

A

amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

50
Q

what is residual volume?

A

amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

51
Q

what is the avg total lung capacity for male and female?

A

male: 6000ml
female: 4200ml
TLC=TV+IRV+ERV+RV

52
Q

what is the vital capacity for male and females?

A

inspiratory effort
male: 4800ml
female: 3100ml

53
Q

what is the alveolar ventilation rate?

A

air that ventilates alveoli

54
Q

what is spirometry?

A

aids in diagnosis and assessment of restrictive and obstructive lung disorders

55
Q

what is apnea?

A

temporary cessation of breathing

55
Q

what are restrictive disorders?

A

those that reduce pulmonary compliance

56
Q

what are obstructive disorders?

A

those that interfere with airflow by narrowing or blocking the airway

57
Q

What is Eupnea?

A

relaxed quiet breathing

58
Q

what is dyspnea?

A

labored, gasping breathing

59
Q

what is hyperpnea?

A

increased rate and depth of breathing in response to increased metabolic demand

60
Q

what is hyperventilation?

A

increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic demand
- (co2 down = ph^ (basic))

61
Q

what is hypoventilation?

A

reduced pulmonary ventilation leading to an increase in blood

62
Q

what are the gases involved in Atm air with their percentages?

A

N2 - 79%
O2 - 21%
CO2 - 0.04%
h20 - 0.46%

63
Q

what is partial pressure?

A

the separate contribution of each gas in a mixture

64
Q

how does the composition of inspired and alveolar air differ?

A
  1. air is humidified by contact with mucous membranes
  2. air in alveoli mixes with residual air left from previous respiratory cycle
  3. alveolar air exchanges 02+CO2 in blood
65
Q

what is alveolar gas exchange?

A

the swapping of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane

66
Q

what is the PO2 of inspired air?

A

159mm Hg

67
Q

what is the PCo2 of inspired air?

A

0.3mm Hg

67
Q

what is PO2 of oxygenated blood?

A

95mm Hg

68
Q

what is the PCO2 of oxygenated blood?

A

40mm Hg

69
Q

what is the path of air through the body?

A

inspired air - alveolar air - oxygenated blood - tissue fluid - deoxygenated blood - expired air

70
Q

what are the factors that influence alveolar gas exchange?

A
  1. solubility of the gases
  2. membrane surface area. (70m^2)
  3. membrane thickness (thicker/gas exchange less efficient)
71
Q

what is ventilation-perfusion coupling?

A

the ability to match air flow and blood flow to each other

72
Q

what does increased perfusion lead to?

A
  • increased blood flow
  • elevated PCO2 in alveoli
  • dilation of bronchioles
  • increased airflow
73
Q

what does reduced perfusion lead to?

A
  • decreased blood flow
  • reduced PCO2 in alveoli
  • constriction of bronchioles
  • decreased airflow
73
Q

what does increased ventilation lead to?

A
  • increased airflow
  • elevated PO2 in blood vessels
  • vasodilation of pulmonary vessels
  • increased blood flow
74
Q

what does reduced ventilation lead to?

A
  • decreased airflow
  • reduced PO2 in blood vessels
  • vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
  • decreased airflow
75
Q

what is gas transport?

A

process of carrying gases from the alveoli to the systemic tissues and vice versa

76
Q

what is the percentage of carbon dioxide transport?

A
  • 70% carbonic acid
  • 23% proteins
  • 7% plasma
76
Q

what is the percentages of oxygen transport?

A
  • 98.5% hemoglobin
  • 1.5% in plasma
77
Q

oxygen transport?

A
  • carries 4 protein globin portions
  • 4 iron per 1 oxygen
78
Q

what are the 3 ways that carbon monoxide is transported?

A
  • carbonic acid (90%)
  • carbamino compounds (5%)
  • dissolved in plasma
79
Q

what is systemic gas exchange?

A
  • the unloading of O2 and loading of CO2
  • carbonic anhydrase in RBC catalyzes
  • chloride shift
80
Q

what is oxygen unloading?

A
  • H+ binding to HbO2 reduces its affinity for O2
81
Q

what is venous reserve?

A

oxygen remining in the blood after it passes through the capillary bedsq

82
Q

what is CO2 unloading?

A

Hb loads O2 its affinity for H+ decreases, H+ dissociates from Hb and binds with HCO3-

83
Q

what is a reverse chloride shift?

A

HCO3- diffuses back into RBC in exchange for Cl-, free CO2 that is generated into alveolus to be exhaled

84
Q

what are the adjustments made to the metabolic needs of individual needs?

A
  1. ambient PO2
  2. ambient ph
  3. bisphosphoglycerate
  4. temperature
85
Q

what is the haldane?

A

low levels of oxyhemoglobin enables the blood to transport more

86
Q

what are the effects of CO2 and O2 on breathing?

A
  • maintain arterial blood at pH of 7.35 to 7.45
  • stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors and trigger ventilation (direct)
87
Q

what nerve is involved in keeping the respiratory under control?

A

phrenic nerves

Anatomy and Physiology: 2 (6 decks)

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