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Anatomy and Physiology: 2 > lymphatic and immune > Flashcards

lymphatic and immune Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. fluid recovery: filters blood capillaries into the tissue spaces (back to venous circulation)
  2. Immunity: excess filtered fluid picks up foreign cells and chemicals from tissues
  3. lipid absorption: lacteals in small intestine absorb dietary lipid that aren’t absorbed by blood capillaries
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2
Q

what is lymph?

A

the recovered fluid

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3
Q

what is lymphatic tissue?

A

composed of aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages that populate many organs in the body

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3
Q

what is lymphatic vessels?

A

transport the lymph

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4
Q

what do lymphatic organs do?

A

defense cells especially concentrated in these organs

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5
Q

what is lymph?

A
  • clear, colorless fluid, similar to plasma, much less protein
  • originally ecf
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6
Q

what are the layer of the lymphatic vessels?

A

-tunica interna: endothelium and valves
-tunica media: elastic fibers, smooth muscle
-tunica externa: thin outer layer

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6
Q

what are lymphatic capillaries?

A
  • they penetrate tissues
  • contain a one-way valve
  • made of endothelial cells
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7
Q

what are the 2 collecting ducts that make up lymphatic vessels?

A
  • right lymphatic duct: lymph from right arm to right subclavian
  • thoracic duct: lymph from diaphragm to left subclavian
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8
Q

what is the flow of lymph?

A
  • moved along by rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels
  • flow aided by skeletal muscle pump
  • arterial pulsation rhythmically squeezes lymphatic vessels
  • thoracic pump aids flow from abdominal to thoracic cavity
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9
Q

what are the different types of lymphatic cells? what do they do?

A
  • natural killer: attack and destroy bacteria
  • T cells: mature in thymus
  • B cells: proliferation and differentiation into plasma produce antibodies
  • dendritic: into APCs, alert immune system
  • reticular cells: contribute to stroma
  • macrophages: phagocytic, into monocytes
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10
Q

what are the types of lymphatic tissue?

A
  • diffuse lymphatic tissue: scattered, in body passages, open to exterior, MALT
  • lymphatic nodules: dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages
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11
Q

what are aggregated lymphoid nodules?

A

dense clusters in the ileum, the distal portion of the small intestine

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12
Q

what are the 2 types of lymphatic organs?

A
  • primary lymphatic organs: where T and B cells became immunocompetent (RBM and thymus)
  • secondary lymphatic organs: immunocompetent, (lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen)
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13
Q

what do lymph nodes do?

A
  • cleanse the lymph
  • act as a site of T and B cell activation
  • enclosed with fibrous capsule
  • lymph leaves node through one of 3 efferent lymphatic vessels
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13
Q

What does the Thymus do?

A

it houses developing T-lymphocytes

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13
Q

what is lymphadenitis?

A

swollen, painful, node responding to foreign antigen

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14
Q

what is lymphadenopathy?

A

a collective term for all lymph nodes disease

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15
Q

what is metastasis?

A

cancerous cells break free from original tumor, travel to other sites in the body, and establish new tumors

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15
Q

what are tonsils:

A

patches of lymphatic tissue located at the enterence to the pharyns

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16
Q

what are the different sets of tonsils?

A
  • pharyngeal
  • palatine
  • lingual
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17
Q

what ate the function of the spleen?

A
  • Healthy RBCs come and go
  • erythrocyte graveyard
  • highly vascular and vulnerable to trauma and infection
  • white monitors blood
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18
Q

what is MALT?

A

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

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19
Q

What are the types of Internal Defenses?

A
  • immune cells
  • antimicrobial proteins
  • inflammation
  • fever
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20
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

agents capable of producing disease

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21
Q

What is an innate defense?

A
  • guard equally against a broad range of pathogens
  • they lack capacity to remember pathogens
  • local, nonspecific, lacks memory
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22
Q

What are the three kinds of innate defenses?

A
  • protective proteins
  • protective cells
  • protective processes
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23
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A
  • body must develop separate immunity to each pathogen
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24
Q

what are antimicrobial proteins? and what are the 2 types?

A
  • attack microbes or hinder their ability to reproduce
  • interferons
  • complement proteins
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24
Q

what are interferons?

A

Viral infected cells secrete interferons
- induce other cells to secrete Anti-viral proteins
- activate macrophages and mobilize NK cells

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24
Q

what is immunity?

A

resistance to disease

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25
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

skin and mucosa

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26
Q

what is the function of the mucous membranes?

A

mucus traps, lysozyme

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26
Q

what is the function of the skin?

A

mechanical barrier; dry, nutrient poor, acid mantle, antimicrobial proteins, mucus with lysozyme

27
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

Cellular and chemical defenses

27
Q

What is the protection if microorganisms invade deeper in the tissue?

A
  • immune cells: phagocytes, NK cells, mast cells, WBCs
  • antibacterial proteins: interferons, complement proteins
  • inflammation
  • fever
28
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

they engulf destroy pathogens that breach epithelial barriers

29
Q

what are neutrophils?

A

they become phagocytic on encountering infectious material in tissues

29
Q

what are macrophages?

A

they develop from monocytes and become the chief phagocytic cells

29
Q

what is the process of phagocytosis?

A
  1. phagocyte adheres to pathogens or debris
  2. phagocyte forms pseudopods that eventually engulf the particles, forming a phagosome
  3. lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vesicle, forming a phagolysosome
  4. toxic compounds and lysosomal enzymes destroy pathogens
  5. sometimes exocytosis of the vesicle removes indigestible and residual material
29
Q

what are natural killer cells and what do they do?

A
  • larger granular lymphocytes
  • attack cells that lack “self” cell-surface receptors
  • induce apoptosis in cancer cells
30
Q

What is the action of natural killer cells?

A
  1. NK cells release perforins, which polymerize and form a hole in the enemy cell membrane
  2. granzymes from NK cells enter perforin hole and degrade enemy cell enzymes
  3. enemy cell dies by apoptosis
  4. macrophage engulfs and digests dying cell
31
Q

What are complement proteins?

A

major mechanism for destroying foreign substances
- enhances inflammation
- promotes phagocytosis
- causes cell lysis

31
Q

what is margination?

A

cell adhesion molecule
- made by endothelial cells
- aid in recruitment of leukocytes

32
Q

What is inflammation? key signs?

A

a local defensive response to tissue injury, including trauma and infection
- redness
- heat
- swelling
- pain

33
Q

What are the benefits of inflammation?

A
  • limit spread of pathogens, then destroys them
  • disposes of cell debris and pathogens
  • alerts the adaptive immune system
  • sets stage for repair and healing
33
Q

what are the three major process of inflammation?

A
  1. mobilization of body defenses
  2. containment and destruction of pathogens
  3. tissue cleanup and repair
34
Q

What are inflammatory chemicals?

A
  • get defensive leukocytes to injured site quickly
  • by local hyperemia
35
Q

what are the vasoactive chemicals involved in inflammation?

A
  • histamine, leukoteienes
  • causes local vasodilation
36
Q

what is Diapedesis?

A

leukocytes crawl through gaps in the endothelial cells and enter tissue fluid

37
Q

what is chemotaxis?

A

neutrophils accumulate at the injury site within an hour
- attraction of neutrophils to the injury site

38
Q

what is platelet derived growth factor?

A

secreted by blood platelets and endothelial cells in injured area
- stimulates fibroblasts to multiply
- synthesizes collagen
- hyperemia delivers oxygen, amino acids
- increased heat increases metabolic rate, speed mitosis

39
Q

what is fever?

A

pyrogenic response caused by endotoxins

40
Q

what are adaptive immune responses?

A
  • is specific
  • is systemic
  • has memory
40
Q

what are the two overlapping arms of defense?

A
  • humoral immunity
  • cellular immunity
41
Q

what is humoral immunity?

A

mediated by antibodies that do not directly destroy a pathogen but tag it for destruction
- dissolved in body fluids

42
Q

what is cellular immunity?

A

lymphocytes directly attack and destroy foreign cells or diseased host cells
- kills cells that harbor them

43
Q

where do B and T cells mature?

A
  • B cells mature in RBM
  • T cells mature in the thymus
44
Q

what are the two requirements fo immunocompetence?

A
  • they are able to recognize and bind to a specific antigen
  • self tolerance
45
Q

what is an antigen?

A

any molecule that triggers an immune response

46
Q

what is an epitope?

A

certain regions of an antigen molecule that stimulates immune resonses

47
Q

what are haptens?

A

can trigger an immune response by combining with a host macromolecule and creating a complex that the body recognizes as foreign

48
Q

what are the cells and agents of humoral immunity?

A
  • effector B cells
  • antibodies
  • memory B cells
  • regulatory B cells
49
Q

what do B lymphocytes produce?

A

they produce antibodies that bind to antigens and tag them for destruction by other means

50
Q

in what stages does humoral immunity work?

A
  • recognition
  • attack
  • memory
51
Q

what do antibodies do?

A

inactivate and tag antigens

52
Q

humoral immune response process?

A

1) Antigen recognition:
Immunocompetent B cells exposed to
antigen. Antigen binds only to B cells
with complementary receptors.
2) Antigen presentation:
B cell internalizes antigen and displays processed epitope.
3) Clonal selection:
Interleukin stimulates B cell to divide repeatedly and form a clone
4) differentiation: some cells of the clone become memory B cells
5) attack:
plasma cells sythesize and secrete antibody
6) memory

53
Q

what are the defense mechanisms used by antibodies? wha they do?

A
  • neutralization: antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins
  • agglutination: antibodies bind the same determinant on more than one cell-bound antigen
  • precipitation: complexes percipitate and are subject to phagocytosis
  • complement fixation: main antibody defense against cellular antigens
54
Q

what are primary and secondary immune responses?

A

primary: first exposure
- 3-6 days
- peak 10-15 d
secondary: re-exposure
- sensitized memory cells
- peak 3-5 d
- no illness

55
Q

What is IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, and IgE?

A

IgM: in plasma and lymph (primary immune response, agglutination)
IgA: monomer in plasma
(passive immunity to newborns)
IgD: monomer, B cell antigen receptor
IgG: monomer, 80% circulating antibodies
(placenta to fetus)
IgE: monomer, transmembrane protein on baso and mast

56
Q

what are the 3 stages in life of T cells?

A
  • born in bone marrow
  • educated in thymus
  • deployed to carry out immune function
57
Q

What happens when cells are not immunocompetent in cortez?

A

they are destroyed
- positive selection

58
Q

what happens when T cells fail in the medulla?

A

they are eliminated
- negative selection
leads to self tolerance

59
Q

what is Naive lymphocyte pool?

A

immunocompetent T cells that have not yet encountered foreign antigens

60
Q

what is Deployment?

A

naive t cells that leave thymus and colonize lyphatic tissues and orgns everywhere in body

61
Q

what are the major types of APCs?

A
  • dendritic cells in connective tissues and epidermis
  • macrophages in connective tissues and lymphoid orgains
  • b cells
62
Q

what are the 4 types of T cells? what they do?

A
  • Cytotoxic: carry out attack
  • helper: activate cells
  • regulatory: limit immune response
  • memory
63
Q

what are the stages of cell-mediated immunity?

A

-recognize
-react
-remember

64
Q

when do T cells initiate immune response?

A

when T cells encounter a displayed antigen on the MHC protein

65
Q

what are MHC-1 and MHC-11 proteins?

A

1- nucleated cells, transported to, on plasma membrane
2 - only on APCs

66
Q

what are the 3 effects of interleukins?

A
  • attract neutrophils and NK cells
  • attract macrophages, stimulate their phagocytic activity and inhibit them from leaving the area
  • stimulate T and B cell mitosis and maturation
67
Q

what is hypersensitivity?

A

excess immune reaction against antigens that most ppl tolerate

68
Q

what are the 4 types of immunity?

A
  1. acute, immediate and rapid
    - histamine (vasod)
  2. subacute, slower onset
  3. subacute, slower onset
  4. delayed cell-mediated response

Anatomy and Physiology: 2 (6 decks)

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