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MPharm1 PA10309 > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the renal corpuscle?

A
  • Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
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2
Q

What is the role of the proximal tubule?

A
  • Reabsorption
    water
    glucose
    peptides
  • Secretion
    70% Na+ removed by active transport
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3
Q

What is the loop of henle?

A
  • Recovery of water
  • Set up concentration gradient
  • Divided into 2 limbs
    ascending
    descending
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4
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate?

A
  • Amount of filtrate formed in all the nephrons of the kidneys per minute
  • Depends on pressure gradient in the glomerulus
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5
Q

What is GFR of healthy adult?

A

125ml/min = 180L/day

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6
Q

What are the 6 functions of the kidney?

A
  • Regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure
  • Regulation of blood osmolarity (300mOsM)
  • Maintenance of ion balance(Na+, K+ etc)
  • Homeostatic regulation of plasma pH (7.38-7.42)
  • Excretion of metabolic and other waste
  • Production of hormones
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7
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

A

tubular lumen to peritubular capillary plasma

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8
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

peritubular plasma to the tubular lumen

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9
Q

What is the definition and value of osmolarity?

A

concentration of combined solutes in water
in normal body fluid = 300mOsm/L

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10
Q

What is the difference between hyper-, hypo- and isotonic?

A

Hyper- water out, shirinkage
Hypo- water in, bursting
Iso- balance

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11
Q

What is the most important molecule to control?

A

Na+ as it controls the movement of water across the plasma membranes.
Water will follow the movement of sodium if that membrane is permeable to water.

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12
Q

What is countercurrent multiplication?

A
  • reabsorbs water from the tubular fluid and concentrates urine
  • This mechanism prevents the kidneys from producing litres and litres of dilute urine every day
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13
Q

What is tubular transport?

A

Two membrane surfaces
- Basolateral membrane (adjacentto interstitial fluid)
- Luminal membrane (adjacent totubular fluid)
From tubular filtrate into tubular cellalong concentrationgradient
Some substances require facilitated diffusion or carrier systems to cross basolateralmembrane

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14
Q

What is the transcellular route of tubular transport?

A
  1. Transport across the apical membrane
  2. Diffusion through cytosol
  3. Transport across the basolateral membrane
  4. Movement through interstitial fluid and into capillary
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15
Q

What is the paracellular route of tubular transport?

A

Movement through leaky tight junctions
Movement through interstitial fluid and into capillary

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16
Q

What is passive transport?

A
  • movement ofsubstances within the cells along the concentration gradient
  • does not require energy
  • can involvetransmembraneproteins
17
Q

How does the loop of henle work?

A
  • Countercurrent multiplier system in Loop of Henle
  • Countercurrent exchange in vasa recta
  • Creates hypertonic renal medulla
18
Q

What is countercurrent exchange?

A

Important component of countercurrent multiplier
Reabsorbs water inascending limb
Recirculates salt in interstitial fluid to maintain osmolarity

19
Q

What are the differencess between the descending and ascending loops?

A

Descending - water permeable, not salt, osmotic loss of water concentrates salts in lumen
Ascending - thin segment; salt permeable, not water, salts diffuse out of lumen, thick segment; active Na+ and Cl- & K+ cotransport

20
Q

How does ADH affect the nephron?

A
  • increased glomerular filtration
  • decreases thereabsorption of Na+and water
  • inhibit Na+K+ ATPase
21
Q

How does aldosterone affect the nephron?

A
  • increases thereabsorption of Na+and water
  • increases ENac
  • activatesNa+K+ ATPase
22
Q

What are the 5 factors affecting renal clearance?

A
  • properties of the drug
  • urine pH
  • blood flow to the kidney
  • biological factor ie. sex, age
  • disease state
23
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A

too much carbonic acid (pH too low)

24
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis?

A

too little carbonic acid (pH too high)

25
Q

What is dialysis?

A
  • removes excess water and metabolic wastes from the body
  • prevents chemicals such as K+, bicarbonate and Na+ from reaching hazardous levels
  • used in severe renal failure
  • less than 90% of kidneyefficiency
  • GFR ofless than 15
26
Q

What is the speed of urine formation?

A

> 1ml/min

27
Q

How does urine get to the bladder?

A

Peristaltic contractions of ureter walls

28
Q

What is the bladder capacity?

A

600-800ml

29
Q

What is the main muscle of the bladder?

A

The detrusor
- composed of three layers of smooth muscle fibres
- fibres arranged differently in each (spiral, longitudinal, circular)

30
Q

What is the difference between male and female urethras?

A

Male
- 18-20cm
- Two functions
Female
- 4cm
- Single function

31
Q

What is voluntary micturition?

A
  • Cortex, cerebellum and the micturition centre located in the pons
  • Interneuron in the bladder signals to pons when it is full and to release
  • Develops in early childhood; full control normally present at 3 to 5 years
32
Q

What are the three simulataneous events of micturition?

A
  1. Contraction of detrusor muscles– involuntary
  2. Opening of the internal urethral sphincter – involuntary
  3. Opening of the external urethral sphincter - voluntary
33
Q

What is urinary incontinence?

A
  • Involuntary leakage of urine
  • Control over urinary sphincters lost or weakened
  • Treatment include exercise, bladder training, medication, medical devices and surgery
34
Q

What are the four types of incontinence?

A

Stress - weak pelvic floor
Urge - involuntary muscle contraction
Overflow - blocked urethra
Neurogenic - nervous system

35
Q

What causes UTIs?

A
  • Bacteria ascend the urethra to the bladder
  • More common in women
  • 95% of cases caused by E.coli
  • Symptoms include urgency, pain and increased frequency, lower back pain, fever, nausea
  • Treated with antibiotics such as nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim and ciprofloxacin
36
Q

What are bladder stones?

A
  • Minerals in concentrated urine crystallize and form stones
  • Can pass without treatment, but sometimes need surgical removal
  • If left untreated may lead to infections and other complications
37
Q

What are the symptoms of bladder cancer?

A
  • Symptoms include blood in the urine, pain with urination and low back pain
  • Treatments include surgery, radiation therapy,chemotherapy or immunotherapy
  • Typical 5-year survival rate of 55%

MPharm1 PA10309 (8 decks)

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