Liver

Question 1

What are the 7 functions of the liver?

Answer 1

• exocrine
• endocrine
• clotting factors
• plasma proteins
• metabolism
• chloesterol synthesis
• excretory

Question 2

What is the hepatostat?

Answer 2

Maintains the liver size in proportion with body size and needs

Question 3

What is the diaphragmatic surface of the liver?

Answer 3

superior upper surface of liver

Question 4

What is the visceral surface of the liver?

Answer 4

faces adjacent abdominal

Question 5

What is the upper central lobe called?

Answer 5

Caudate lobe

Question 6

What is the lower central lobe called?

Answer 6

Quadrate lobe

Question 7

What separates the right and left lobes?

Answer 7

The falciform ligament

Question 8

What are the two blood supplies to the liver?

Answer 8

Hepatic portal vein delivers from GI tract
Hepatic artery delivers from heart

Question 9

What are hepatic lobules?

Answer 9

Anatomical unit of liver

Question 10

How does blood flow through the hepatic lobules?

Answer 10

Blood flows in through via portal trials, flows through sinusoidal vessels and into central vein

Question 11

How does bile flow through the hepatic lobules?

Answer 11

Bile flows in opposite direction to blood, down bile canaliculi into bile ductules, to the GI tract

Question 12

What are hepatocytes?

Answer 12

Specialised polarised cells that separate sinusoidal blood from canalicular blood

Question 13

What is bile?

Answer 13

Secretory product of liver
Contains HCO3-, cholesterol, lecithin, bile pigments and salts

Question 14

What are fenestrated sinusoidal endothelial cells?

Answer 14

Filter between lumen of hepatocytes and hepatic sinusoid

Question 15

What are kupffer cells?

Answer 15

a key part of the livers defences, filters out pathogens and toxins

Question 16

What are stellate cells?

Answer 16

Spindle shaped cell bodies, thought to be involved in liver fibrosis

Question 17

What are cholangiocytes?

Answer 17

epthelial cells that line the hepatic ductsof the billiary tree

Question 18

How is cholesterol synthesised?

Answer 18

de novo, from Acetyl Co-A

Question 19

How is cholesterol transported in the body?

Answer 19

Does not dissolve well so is packaged with lipoproteins

Question 20

How do you treat Atherosclerosis?

Answer 20

Statins that inhibit cholesterol synthesis

Question 21

How much bile is produced everyday?

Answer 21

600-1000ml

Question 22

What are primary bile acids?

Answer 22

synthesised from cholesterol and released into intestine upon hormone signals

Question 23

What are secondary bile acids?

Answer 23

formed in the intestine by bacteria flora

Question 24

How much of the bile salts are recycled?

Answer 24

around 95%

Question 25

What is the sphincter of oddi?

Answer 25

a ring of smooth muscle where common bile duct enters the small intestine

Question 26

What is cholecystokinin?

Answer 26

Hormone produced by small intestine, stimulated when amino/fatty acids in small intestine

Question 27

What does the gall bladder do?

Answer 27

stroes bile, can concentrate it up to 20x, does thiss by rmoving salts and water

Question 28

How are insulin-like growth factors synthesised?

Answer 28

Synthesised in response to GH

Question 29

What are the 5 ways the liver can metabolise?

Answer 29

Oxidation
Hydroxylation
Dealkylation
Deamination
Hydrolysis

Question 30

What is clopidogrel

Answer 30

An anti-thrombotic agent that inhibits platelet activation