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(Q4) BE - ANA 102 > URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Filters nitrogenous wastes from the blood and helps regulate water, electrolyte, and acid-base balances

A

Urinary system

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2
Q

Location of the kidney

A

lower back, T12-L3 vertebra

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3
Q

Hormone released by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell

A

erythropoietin

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4
Q

Kidney cells convert ___ produced in the skin to its active form

A

Vitamin D

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5
Q

Location of the kidneys

A

lower back, T12-L3 vertebra

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6
Q

Size of kidneys

A

12cm long, 6cm, wide, 3 cm thick

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7
Q

medial indentation of the kidneys

A

Renal hilum

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8
Q

transparent; encloses the kidneys and gives it a glistening appearance

A

fibrous capsule

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9
Q

fatty mass; surrounds each kidney and cushions it against blows

A

Perineal fat capsule

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10
Q

most superficial layer; made of dense fibrous connective tissue; anchors the kidney and adrenal gland to surrounding structures

A

renal fascia

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11
Q

outer region of the kidney and light in color

A

renal cortex

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12
Q

darker reddish brown area deep to the cortex; contains the renal/Medullary pyramids

A

renal medulla

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13
Q

triangular regions with striped appearance

A

Renal/Medullary pyramids

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14
Q

faces toward the cortex

A

base

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15
Q

points toward the inner region of the kidney

A

apex

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16
Q

extension of cortex like tissue that separates the pyramids

A

Renal columns

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17
Q

lateral to the hilum; flat, tunnel-shaped tube; continuous with the ureter leaving the hilum

A

renal pelvis

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18
Q

extensions of the pelvis; form cup-shaped drains that enclose the tips of the pyramids

A

calyces

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19
Q

Collect urine, which continuously drains from the tips of the pyramids into the renal pelvis

A

calyces

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20
Q

artery supplying each kidney
Segmental arteries - divisions of the renal artery as it approaches the hilum

A

renal artery

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21
Q

branches of the segmental arteries that travel through the renal columns to reach the cortex

A

interlobar arteries

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22
Q

branches from the interlobar arteries in the cortex-medulla junction

A

arcuate arteries

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23
Q

branch off the arcuate arteries to supply the renal cortex

A

Cortical radiate arteries

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24
Q

True or false: Venous blood draining from the kidney’s pathways is just reverse of the arterial supply

A

True

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25
Q

are the structural and functional units of the kidneys and are responsible for forming urine

A

Nephrons

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26
Q

collects fluid from several nephrons and conveys it to the renal pelvis

A

Collecting ducts

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27
Q

contains the glomerulus and glomerular capsule

A

renal corpuscle

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28
Q

a knot of capillaries

A

glomerulus

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29
Q

a cup-shaped hollow structure that completely surrounds the glomerulus like a well-worn baseball glove encloses a ball

A

Glomerular/Bowman’s capsule

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30
Q

octopus-like cells that make up the inner or visceral layer of the capsule

A

Podocytes

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31
Q

long branching extensions of podocytes that intertwine with one another and cling to the glomerulus

A

foot processes

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32
Q

openings between the processes that allow the podocytes o form a porous, or “leaky,” membrane around the glomerulus ideal for filtration

A

filtration slits

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33
Q

Extends from the glomerular capsule, it coils and twists before forming a hairpin loop and then again becomes coiled and twisted before entering a collecting duct

A

renal tubule

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34
Q

different regions of the renal tubule

A

proximal convoluted tube, nephron loop, distal convoluted tube

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35
Q

feeds the glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole

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36
Q

receives the blood as it leaves the glomerulus

A

efferent arteriole

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37
Q

arises from the efferent arteriole that drains the glomerulus

A

Peritubular capillaries

38
Q

3 processes of urine formation

A

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion

39
Q

Nonselective, passive process in which fluid passes from the blood into the glomerular capsule part of the renal tubule

A

Glomerular Filtration

40
Q

what you call the fluid once it reaches the capsule

A

filtrate

41
Q

When systemic blood pressure is ___, filtrate will be formed

A

normal

42
Q

If arterial blood pressure ___, glomerular pressure becomes inadequate to force substances out of the blood into the tubules, and filtrate formation stops

A

drops too low

43
Q

The tubule cells take the needed substances and return it to the blood

A

Tubular reabsorption

44
Q

where does tubular reabsorption occur?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

45
Q

Essentially tubular reabsorption in reverse

A

Tubular secretion

46
Q

Found in high concentrations in urine excreted from the body

A

Nitrogenous Wastes

47
Q

formed by the liver as an end product of protein breakdown when amino acids are used to produce energy

A

Urea

48
Q

released when nucleic acids are metabolized

A

Uric acid

49
Q

associated with creatine metabolism in muscle tissue

A

Creatinine

50
Q

Within 24 hours, the kidneys filter some ___ liters of blood plasma through their glomeruli into the tubules

A

150-180

51
Q

In the same 24 hours, only about ___ liters of urine are produced

A

1-1.8

52
Q

True or false: By the time the filtrate reaches the collecting ducts, the filtrate still contains all the nutrients

A

False: all of its water, nutrients, and ions. What remains is urine.

53
Q

yellow pigment that results from the body’s destruction of hemoglobin

A

Urochrome

54
Q

True or false: The more solutes are in the urine, the deeper yellow its color

A

true

55
Q

True or false: Vegetable can alter the odor of urine

A

True: Drugs, vegetables, and various diseases can alter the urine odor

56
Q

Two slender tubes each 25 to 30 cm (10 to 12 inches) long and 6 mm (¼ inch) in diameter; connects the kidneys and bladder

A

Ureters

57
Q

A smooth, collapsible, muscular sac that stores urine temporarily

A

urinary bladder

58
Q

3 openings of the urinary bladder

A

2 urethral orifices and the urethra

59
Q

The smooth triangular region of the bladder base outlined by these three openings

A

Trigone

60
Q

3 layers of smooth muscle that comprises the bladder wall

A

Detrusor muscle

61
Q

mucosa of the bladder wall

A

Transitional epithelium

62
Q

Size of the bladder when it is empty

A

5-7.5 cm

63
Q

Size of a moderately full bladder

A

12.5 cm

64
Q

Moderately full bladder holds how much volume?

A

500 ml

65
Q

True or false: When the bladder is full, it is soft and shaped like an apple

A

False. The bladder would be firm and pear-shaped

66
Q

Thin-walled tube that carries urine by peristalsis from the bladder to the outside of the body

A

Urethra

67
Q

keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed

A

Internal urethral sphincter

68
Q

formed by skeletal muscle as the urethra passes through the pelvic floor; voluntarily controlled

A

External urethral sphincter

69
Q

3 regions of the male urethra

A

prostatic, membranous, and spongy

70
Q

Size of a woman’s urethra

A

3-4 cm

71
Q

Size of a man’s urthra

A

20 cm

72
Q

The act of emptying the bladder

A

Micturition

73
Q

Percentage of water in an adult woman

A

50%

74
Q

Percentage of water in an adult man

A

60%

75
Q

Percentage of water in babies

A

75%

76
Q

Percentage of water in older people

A

45%

77
Q

main locations in the body where water occupies

A

Fluid compartments

78
Q

contained in living cells and makes up two/thirds of body fluid

A

Intracellular fluid

79
Q

includes all body fluids outside the cells

A

Extracellular fluid

80
Q

serves as the highway that links the external and internal environments because it deliver substances

A

Plasma

81
Q

True or false: If the body is to remain properly hydrated, it cannot lose more water than it takes in

A

True

82
Q

driving force for water intake

A

thirst mechanism

83
Q

When thirsty, the mouth also becomes dry because the ___ obtain the water they require from the blood

A

salivary glands

84
Q

helps regulate the amount of water in your body by controlling the amount of water your kidneys reabsorb as they filter out waste from your blood

A

Antidiuretic hormone

85
Q

second hormone that helps to regulate blood composition and blood volume by acting on the kidney

A

aldosterone

86
Q

are the electrolytes most responsible for osmotic water flow

A

sodium ions

87
Q

What causes edema?

A

when the sodium ion levels are low, water leaves the blood and enters tissues

88
Q

most important trigger for aldosterone release

A

Renin-angiotensin mechanism

89
Q

initiates the series of reactions that produce angiotensin II.

A

Renin

90
Q

Causes vasoconstriction.

A

Angiotensin II

91
Q

above 7.45 pH of arterial blood

A

Alkalosis

92
Q

below 7.45 pH of arterial blood

A

Acidosis

(Q4) BE - ANA 102 (6 decks)

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