BODY DEFENSES

Question 1

Two mechanisms that make up the immune system

Answer 1

Innate and Adaptive defense systems

Question 2

specific resistance to disease

Answer 2

Immunity

Question 3

True or False. Immune system is a functional system rather than an organ system in an anatomical sense

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What is the first line of defense?

Answer 4

Surface membrane barriers

Question 5

Forms mechanical barrier that prevents entry of pathogens and other harmful substances into the body

Answer 5

Intact skin

Question 6

Skin secretions make epidermal surface acidic, which inhibits bacterial growth; sebum also contains bacteria-killing chemicals

Answer 6

Acid mantle

Question 7

Provides resistance against acids, alkalis, and bacterial enzymes.

Answer 7

Keratin

Question 8

Form mechanical barrier that prevents entry of pathogens

Answer 8

Intact Mucous Membranes

Question 9

Traps microorganisms in respiratory and digestive tracts.

Answer 9

Mucus

Question 10

Filter and trap microorganisms and other airborne particles in nasal passages.

Answer 10

Nasal hairs

Question 11

Propel debris-laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages

Answer 11

Cilia

Question 12

Contains concentrated hydrochloric acid and protein-digesting enzymes that destroy pathogens in the stomach

Answer 12

Gastric juice

Question 13

Inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi in female reproductive tract.

Answer 13

Acid mantle of vagina

Question 14

Continuously lubricate and cleanse eyes and oral cavity

Answer 14

Tears and Saliva

Question 15

What is the second line of defense?

Answer 15

Cellular and Chemical defenses

Question 16

Engulf and destroy pathogens that breach surface membrane barriers; macrophages also contribute to immune response.

Answer 16

Phagocytes

Question 17

Promote cell lysis by direct cell attack against virus-infected or cancerous body cells; do not depend on specific antigen recognition

Answer 17

Natural Killer Cells

Question 18

Prevents spread of injurious agents to adjacent tissues, disposes of pathogens and dead tissue cells, and promotes tissue repair

Answer 18

Inflammatory Response

Question 19

Group of plasma proteins that lyses microorganisms, enhances phagocytosis by opsonization, and intensifies inflammatory response.

Answer 19

Complement

Question 20

Proteins released by virus-infected cells that protect uninfected tissue cells from viral takeover; mobilize the immune system

Answer 20

Interferons

Question 21

Normally acid pH inhibits bacterial growth; urine cleanses the lower urinary tract as it flushes from the body.

Answer 21

Fluids with acid pH

Question 22

Systemic response triggered by pyrogens; high body temperature inhibits multiplication of bacteria and enhances body repair processes

Answer 22

Fever

Question 23

What are the five lines of innate internal defense?

Answer 23

Phagocytes, NK cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation, and fever

Question 24

the adaptive defense system recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances

Answer 24

Antigen specific

Question 25

immunity is not restricted to the initial infection site

Answer 25

Systemic

Question 26

the adaptive system defense system recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens

Answer 26

Memory

Question 27

antibody-mediated immunity

Answer 27

Humoral immunity

Question 28

initial encounter with antigens. antigens will bind with the receptor of B cells where it will be activated.

Answer 28

Primary response

Question 29

creates the antibodies during primary response

Answer 29

Plasma cells

Question 30

remembers the antigen and prepares the body for future infection

Answer 30

Memory cells

Question 31

more rapid response from the same antigen because the body was able to recognize it

Answer 31

Secondary response

Question 32

type of humoral immunity where you are exposed to pathogens

Answer 32

Active

Question 33

Natural or Artificial. Infection contact

Answer 33

Natural

Question 34

Natural or Arftificial. Vaccines

Answer 34

Artificial

Question 35

type or humoral immunity where you are not exposed but you are able to carry the antibodies needed

Answer 35

Passive

Question 36

Natural or Artifical. Breastmilk

Answer 36

Natural

Question 37

Natural or Artificial. Injected antibodies

Answer 37

Artificial

Question 38

cell-mediated immunity

Answer 38

Cellular immunity

Question 39

What is the third line of defense?

Answer 39

Adaptive defense system

Question 40

develop immunocompetence in the thymus and overseen cell-mediated immunity

Answer 40

T cells

Question 41

develop immunocompetence in bone marrow and provide humoral immunity

Answer 41

B cells

Question 42

also referred to as immunoglobulins; constitute the gamma globulin part of blood proteins

Answer 42

Antibodies

Question 43

are soluble proteins secreted by activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring in response to an antigen, and they are capable of binding specifically with that antigen

Answer 43

Antibodies

Question 44

When bound to B cell membrane, serves as antigen receptor

Answer 44

IgM

Question 45

Bathes and protects mucosal surfaces from attachment of pathogens

Answer 45

IgA

Question 46

Believed to be cell surface receptor of immunocompetent B cell

Answer 46

IgD

Question 47

Main antibody of both primary and secondary responses

Answer 47

IgG

Question 48

Binds to mast cells and basophils and triggers release of histamine

Answer 48

IgE

Question 49

the most abundant antibody in blood plasma and is the only type that can cross the placental barrier

Answer 49

IgG

Question 50

found mainly in secretions that bathe body surfaces, such as mucus and tears

Answer 50

IgA

Question 51

the “troublemaker” antibodies involved in allergies

Answer 51

IgE

Question 52

Only these can fix complement

Answer 52

IgM and IgG

Question 53

the chief antibody ammunition used against cellular antigens, such as bacteria or mismatched red blood cells

Answer 53

Complement

Question 54

antibody binding also “tags” antigen for phagocytosis

Answer 54

Opsonization

Question 55

occurs when antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins or on viruses that can cause cell injury

Answer 55

Neutralization

Question 56

clumping of foreign cells when the cross-linking involves cell-bound antigens

Answer 56

Agglutination

Question 57

a reaction where the antigen-antibody complexes are so large that they become insoluble and settle out of solution

Answer 57

Precipitation