Urinary System Flashcards
Renal ptosis
kidneys drop
Floating kidney
suspensory collagen fibers break (Connective tissue
anchors the kidney and surrounding adipose to abdominal wall)
unilateral renal agenesis
some people (1 in 5000) born with only 1 kidney
Things that can cause kidney failure from kidney disease (unexpectedly…no before kidney failure):
High BP; damage small blood vessels in kidney
Diabetes; excess blood glucose leads to kidney vascular damage and micro and macroalbuminuria
Aspirin / acetaminophen / ibuprofen
Congenital problems; polycystic renal disease
Renal corpuscle
(glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule;
comprised of parietal and visceral layer) – filters the
blood (filtration); produces filtrate
Proximal convoluted tubule
returns good filtered substances to the blood (reabsorption)
Loop of Henle
helps conserve water and solutes (reabsorption of water)
Distal convoluted tubule
rids the body of additional wastes (secretion)
Collecting duct
carries urine from cortex toward renal papilla (water balance, can reabsorb water as needed)
parietal layer of the bowman’s capsule:
simple squamous epithelium on exterior of the capsule
Visceral layer of the bowman’s capsule:
podocytes, wrap around glomerular capillaries
Afferent arteriole
delivers unfiltered blood to the glomerulus. wider diameter vessel that leads into the glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
transports filtered blood away. blood that’s been filtered out through the glomerulus goes back into the bloodstream (stuff that needs to be reabsorbed from filtrate will happen later in the proximal convoluted tubule)
Mesangial Cells:
Supporting cells in the glomerulus (stationed between podocytes)
-specialized cells derived from smooth muscle
-Can phagocytize things
-Contain actin filaments: Can contract
-Respond to AngII, ADH
(May make renin?)
Glomerular capillary endothelium contains _____
basement membrane
fenestrated
Anuria
Low urine output
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
The volume of filtrate formed by both kidneys per minute
Glomerular Filtration Membrane consists of:
- Glomerular capillary endothelium with fenestrae (deepest)
- Basement membrane
- Podocytes (visceral membrane of
Bowmans capsule)
glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
Forces water and dissolved solutes/ small particles
out into the glomerular capsule into the pericapsular
space (all but most plasma proteins, blood cells and
platelets; lose about 1% of albumin)
blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
tends to draw water out of the filtrate and into
the plasma; it thus opposes filtration
The net filtration pressure (NFP)
the net pressure acting across the glomerular
capillaries. It represents the sum of the
hydrostatic pressures and the colloid osmotic
pressures. Under normal circumstances, the
net filtration pressure is approximately 10 mm
Hg. This is the average pressure forcing water
and dissolved materials out of the glomerular
capillaries and into the capsular space.
GHP – (CHP + BCOP) = 55 – (15+30) = 10 mm Hg
(even small decreases in blood pressure at glomeruli can decrease GFR, if drops to 40 filtration stops and can cause acute renal failure)
Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP)
force of filtrate fluid
against the wall of the capsule (= 15 mm Hg)
Melanuria
dark urine
Peritubular fluid
filtrate that has been reabsorbed into space around peritubular capillaries
Most tubular fluid is reabsorbed into peritubular space and referred to as peritubular fluid