Reproductive System Flashcards
smooth muscle distinctions
-sarcolemma cas caveolae
-long time to contract, very low energy requirements
-no sarcomeres or tubules
-no z discs: instead intracellular cytoskeleton
-more actin, less myosin
-have calmodulin instead of troponin
-actin filaments attached to dense bodies
-no neuromuscular junction: Innervating nerves have bulbous swellings called varicosities. Varicosities release neurotransmitters into wide synaptic clefts called diffuse junctions.
-cells joined by gap junctions.
-Time to relaxation is determined in large part by the amount of myosin phosphatase in the cell.
-Ca is pumped back out into ECF or SR by Ca pump, slow acting Ca pump.
luteum
yellow
embryo
weeks 1-8
fetus
week 9 to term
AMH secreted by
Sertoli cells (male gonads)
Wolffian ducts and development of male genitalia stimulated by
testosterone from leydig cells
peg cells
secrete lipids and glycogen in the fallopian tubes to support the fertilized egg
testosterone produced by
leydig cells in testes
germ cells in _____ produce ______
seminiferous tubules; spermatagonia
sertoli (aka ___) cells in _______ produce ______
nurse; seminiferous tubules/testes; AMH, inhibin, transferrin, androgen binding horone (NOT testosterone)
leydig cells in _____ produce _______
seminiferous tubules; testosterone
Sertoli Cells (Nurse cells) functions
- Maintain blood–testis barrier
* Isolates seminiferous tubules - Support mitosis and meiosis
- Support spermiogenesis
* Provide nutrients and chemical stimuli for development
* Phagocytize cytoplasm shed by developing spermatids - Secrete inhibin – downregulates FSH synthesis
- Secrete androgen-binding protein; keeps
testosterone high (20-200 times higher than blood) - Secrete anti-mullerian hormone
spermatogenesis
spermiogenesis
process of sperm formation
spermatogonium…primary spermatocyte….secondary spermatocyte….spermatid….sperm
spermatid to sperm = spermiogenesis
Trichomoniasis
protozoan parasite – Trichomonas vaginalis,
3.7 million affected, cure with antibiotic
Syphilis
caused by bacteria Treponema pallidum, can cure with
antibiotic but won’t undo damage if already done
Genital HPV infection
virus, Human papillomavirus most common STI in the US. Nearly all sexually active men and women get this at some point in their lives. Vaccine can stop these problems from happening. All men and women should be vaccinated. Can cause genital warts. Vaccination
can prevent cervical cancer in women. HPV is the main
cause of cervical cancer in women causing 528,000 cases of cervical cancer and 266,000 cervical cancer deaths each year.
Gonorrhea
caused the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Roughly 78 to 88 million cases of gonorrhea occur each
year some strains becoming resistant to antibiotics.
Chlamydia
caused by gram negative bacteria, Chlamydia
trachomatis. 4-5 million new cases annually worldwide.
Easily cured with antibiotics.
Bacterial Vaginosis
Most common vaginal infection in women between the ages of 15-44 y
Can increase the risk of getting infected with an STI
In pregnant women, BV can increase the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight infants
In the United States, what is the most
common “notifiable condition” (positive
test results must be reported) reported to
the CDC?
chlamydia