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Anatomy and Physiology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the loop of henle?

A

To reabsorb water and sodium chloride and produce concentrated (hypertonic) urine

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2
Q

What are the names of the 3 hormones produced by the kidney?

A

Vitamin D, Renin-angiotension system (RAS) and erythropoietin

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3
Q

What vitamin is mostly inactive in the blood and must be activated by the kidney?

A

Vitamin D

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4
Q

What makes up the upper urinary tract?

A

Ureters, kidneys

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5
Q

What makes up the lower urinary tract?

A

Bladder, urethra

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6
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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7
Q

What is the hilus of the kidney?

A

Point where all the blood vessels, nerves and ureters enter and leave the kidney

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8
Q

What are the 4 parts of the kidney from the outside in?

A

Capsule, Cortex, Medulla, Pelvis (CCMP)

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9
Q

What does the capsule of the kidney do?

A

Protects the outer kidney.

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10
Q

If the capsule of the kidney cannot be easily peeled away, what could this be an indication of?

A

Adhesions from previous injury or infection

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11
Q

What is the cortex of the kidney for?

A

Dark red outermost layer containing the renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules

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12
Q

What does the medulla of the kidney contain?

A

The collecting ducts, loops of henle and pyramids

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13
Q

What is the pelvis of the kidney for?

A

Urinary collecting duct where the ureter connects to, and drains urine

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14
Q

The renal artery, of which there is 1 that feeds both kidneys, carries how much cardiac output?

A

20%

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15
Q

What are glomeruli in the kidney?

A

Capillary networks that allow oxygen and waste exchange in the cortex

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16
Q

What surrounds the glomeruli?

A

Glomerular or Bowman’s capsule

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17
Q

What forms the renal corpuscle?

A

The capsule and glomerulus

18
Q

What are the 5 parts, in order, that blood flows through the kidney to be filtered into urine?

A

Glomerular capsule, PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct

19
Q

Why is blood pressure within each glomerulus so high?

A

Blood has come straight from the aorta and renal artery, and the smooth muscle in the arterioles is able to constrict via renin

20
Q

Which kidney tubule is the longest, has the most surface area?

A

PCT

21
Q

How much filtrate is absorbed in the PCT?

A

60%

22
Q

Which part of the loop of Henle has a thin cell wall, and why?

A

The descending loop, so it can be highly permeable to water

23
Q

Which part of the loop of Henle has a thick cell wall, and what happens there?

A

The ascending loop; this is where active transport of the ions Na, K and Mg occur

24
Q

What never gets reabsorbed in the kidneys?

A

Creatinine

25
Q

What is the normal urine pH of cats and dogs?

A

6-7.5

26
Q

What is the normal urine pH of horses?

A

7.4-7.9

27
Q

What is the normal urine pH of guinea pigs?

A

8-8.2

28
Q

What is the normal urine pH of rabbits?

A

7.5-9

29
Q

What is bladder sludge in rabbits?

A

Thickening of the urine with calcium salts (oxalate and carbonate)

30
Q

What causes bladder sludge in rabbits?

A

Feeding a high calcium diet (but not always), lack of exercise, inadequate water intake, obesity, urine retention

31
Q

Because reptiles and birds lack a loop of Henle, what is different about their urine vs mammal urine?

A

They cannot produce hypertonic urine

32
Q

Which reptiles only have a bladder?

A

Chelonians, tuataras, and some lizards

33
Q

Aquatic reptiles vs terrestrial reptiles excrete what in their urine?

A

Aquatic reptiles secretes urea, while terrestrial reptiles secrete uric acid to conserve water

34
Q

What is the renal portal system for in reptiles?

A

To prevent ischemic necrosis of the tubule cells during droughts/lack of water

35
Q

Unlike in mammals’ kidneys, capillaries do not perfuse the glomerulus in reptiles; what does it perfuse?

A

The renal tubule cells

36
Q

In snakes, the kidneys occupy how much body length?

A

10-15%

37
Q

Reptilian kidneys do not have what?

A

No pelvis or pyramids

38
Q

What are the filtration mechanisms of reptiles, in order?

A

Glomerulus, neck segment, proximal tubule, intermediate segment, distal tubule, sex segment, collecting duct

39
Q

The cells of the distal tubule in reptiles lack what?

A

Cilia

40
Q

Columnar mucous-secreting cells located in the sex segment are in which reptiles, and why are they are?

A

All female reptiles and male chelonians; to neutralize uric acid during ejection/reception of sperm

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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