Urinary System

Question 1

What is the purpose of the loop of henle?

Answer 1

To reabsorb water and sodium chloride and produce concentrated (hypertonic) urine

Question 2

What are the names of the 3 hormones produced by the kidney?

Answer 2

Vitamin D, Renin-angiotension system (RAS) and erythropoietin

Question 3

What vitamin is mostly inactive in the blood and must be activated by the kidney?

Answer 3

Vitamin D

Question 4

What makes up the upper urinary tract?

Answer 4

Ureters, kidneys

Question 5

What makes up the lower urinary tract?

Answer 5

Bladder, urethra

Question 6

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 6

Nephron

Question 7

What is the hilus of the kidney?

Answer 7

Point where all the blood vessels, nerves and ureters enter and leave the kidney

Question 8

What are the 4 parts of the kidney from the outside in?

Answer 8

Capsule, Cortex, Medulla, Pelvis (CCMP)

Question 9

What does the capsule of the kidney do?

Answer 9

Protects the outer kidney.

Question 10

If the capsule of the kidney cannot be easily peeled away, what could this be an indication of?

Answer 10

Adhesions from previous injury or infection

Question 11

What is the cortex of the kidney for?

Answer 11

Dark red outermost layer containing the renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules

Question 12

What does the medulla of the kidney contain?

Answer 12

The collecting ducts, loops of henle and pyramids

Question 13

What is the pelvis of the kidney for?

Answer 13

Urinary collecting duct where the ureter connects to, and drains urine

Question 14

The renal artery, of which there is 1 that feeds both kidneys, carries how much cardiac output?

Answer 14

20%

Question 15

What are glomeruli in the kidney?

Answer 15

Capillary networks that allow oxygen and waste exchange in the cortex

Question 16

What surrounds the glomeruli?

Answer 16

Glomerular or Bowman’s capsule

Question 17

What forms the renal corpuscle?

Answer 17

The capsule and glomerulus

Question 18

What are the 5 parts, in order, that blood flows through the kidney to be filtered into urine?

Answer 18

Glomerular capsule, PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct

Question 19

Why is blood pressure within each glomerulus so high?

Answer 19

Blood has come straight from the aorta and renal artery, and the smooth muscle in the arterioles is able to constrict via renin

Question 20

Which kidney tubule is the longest, has the most surface area?

Answer 20

PCT

Question 21

How much filtrate is absorbed in the PCT?

Answer 21

60%

Question 22

Which part of the loop of Henle has a thin cell wall, and why?

Answer 22

The descending loop, so it can be highly permeable to water

Question 23

Which part of the loop of Henle has a thick cell wall, and what happens there?

Answer 23

The ascending loop; this is where active transport of the ions Na, K and Mg occur

Question 24

What never gets reabsorbed in the kidneys?

Answer 24

Creatinine

Question 25

What is the normal urine pH of cats and dogs?

Answer 25

6-7.5

Question 26

What is the normal urine pH of horses?

Answer 26

7.4-7.9

Question 27

What is the normal urine pH of guinea pigs?

Answer 27

8-8.2

Question 28

What is the normal urine pH of rabbits?

Answer 28

7.5-9

Question 29

What is bladder sludge in rabbits?

Answer 29

Thickening of the urine with calcium salts (oxalate and carbonate)

Question 30

What causes bladder sludge in rabbits?

Answer 30

Feeding a high calcium diet (but not always), lack of exercise, inadequate water intake, obesity, urine retention

Question 31

Because reptiles and birds lack a loop of Henle, what is different about their urine vs mammal urine?

Answer 31

They cannot produce hypertonic urine

Question 32

Which reptiles only have a bladder?

Answer 32

Chelonians, tuataras, and some lizards

Question 33

Aquatic reptiles vs terrestrial reptiles excrete what in their urine?

Answer 33

Aquatic reptiles secretes urea, while terrestrial reptiles secrete uric acid to conserve water

Question 34

What is the renal portal system for in reptiles?

Answer 34

To prevent ischemic necrosis of the tubule cells during droughts/lack of water

Question 35

Unlike in mammals' kidneys, capillaries do not perfuse the glomerulus in reptiles; what does it perfuse?

Answer 35

The renal tubule cells

Question 36

In snakes, the kidneys occupy how much body length?

Answer 36

10-15%

Question 37

Reptilian kidneys do not have what?

Answer 37

No pelvis or pyramids

Question 38

What are the filtration mechanisms of reptiles, in order?

Answer 38

Glomerulus, neck segment, proximal tubule, intermediate segment, distal tubule, sex segment, collecting duct

Question 39

The cells of the distal tubule in reptiles lack what?

Answer 39

Cilia

Question 40

Columnar mucous-secreting cells located in the sex segment are in which reptiles, and why are they are?

Answer 40

All female reptiles and male chelonians; to neutralize uric acid during ejection/reception of sperm