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Anatomy and Physiology > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What is aldosterone, where is it made and what does it do?

A

A principle mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal glands. Controls renal reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium.

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2
Q

Where in the nephron does aldosterone act on?

A

DCT, primarily acts on the cortical collecting ducts

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3
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

On the trachea

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4
Q

What effect does the thyroid have on the body?

A

Calorigenic effect, which influences the metabolic rate and helps maintain internal temperature and increase heat

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5
Q

What are the 2 catecholamines?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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6
Q

Are catecholamines hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic

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7
Q

Are thyroid hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic and require transport proteins

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8
Q

What are 5 steroid hormones?

A

Androgens, Estrogens, Gluccocorticoids, Mineralocortiocoids, Progestins

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9
Q

What are peptide hormones?

A

Hydrophilic chains of a few to 200 amino acids

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10
Q

List the peptide hormones

A

ACTH, ADH, FSH, GH, LH, Calcitonin, Erythropoietin, Insulin, Glucagon, MSH, PTH, TSH, Gastrin, Cholecystokinin, prolactin, relaxin, secretin, melatonin, oxytocin

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11
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

Hydrophobic lipids that are synthesized from cholesterol

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12
Q

What is a bound or unbound hormone?

A

A bound hormone is attached to a protein to travel in the plasma. An unbound hormone isn’t attached, and can leave the bloodstream to reach the target cell.

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13
Q

Which system is a ductless system?

A

Endocrine system

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14
Q

How are hormone levels regulated?

A

Through a negative feedback system, where activity is decreased by rising levels of hormone

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15
Q

What is a positive feedback system?

A

If the activity is increased due to falling hormone levels

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16
Q

Which organs produces TSH

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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17
Q

What 7 hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

GH, prolactin, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, MSH

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18
Q

What is another name for the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Neurohypophosis

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19
Q

What 2 hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and is stored in the posterior pituitary gland?

A

ADH and oxytocin

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20
Q

Where is the pituitary located?

A

In a small pocket of the sphenoid bone called the pituitary fossa

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21
Q

The hypothalamus is attached to which other hormone secreting organ?

A

Pituitary

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22
Q

What is the name of the blood vessels that link the hypothalamus to the pituitary?

A

Portal system

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23
Q

What does prolactin help do?

A

Triggers and maintains lactation as long the mammary gland is stimulated

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24
Q

What does GH help do?

A

Promote growth in young animals, by encouraging anabolism of proteins and catabolism of fat, and discouraging glucose use, causing transient hyperglycemia mitigated by insulin

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25
Q

Lack or excess of GH causes what?

A

Lack causes dwarfism while excess causes gigantism.

26
Q

What does TSH do?

A

aka thyrotropic hormone, stimulates growth of thyroid gland

27
Q

What do ACTH do?

A

Stimulates growth of adrenal gland cortex

28
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Stimulates the growth follicles in the ovaries and lining cells of the follicles to produce and secrete estrogens

29
Q

What are follicles in the female repro system for?

A

Each follicle is a fluid filled structure for a single oocyte, which develops and matures as the follicle enlarges, called oogenesis.

30
Q

Which hormones are responsible for female behavior?

A

Estrogens

31
Q

What happens to hormones as follicles continue to grow?

A

FSH gradually decreases and LH increases. When LH peaks, ovulation occurs.

32
Q

What is thyroid hormone’s effect on protein, carbs and lipids?

A

Encourages anabolism if proteins if there’s enough nutritionally, and catabolism on carbs and lipids. If there’s not enough proteins, then protein catabolism can occur.

33
Q

Thyroid hormone has what effect besides metabolism?

A

Influences development of CNS, muscles and bones

34
Q

What are 2 hormones produced by the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroid gland hormone and calcitonin

35
Q

What cells produce calcitonin?

A

C cells in between thyroid follicles

36
Q

What 2 hormones maintain blood calcium levels?

A

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

37
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Helps prevent hypercalcemia by decreasing blood Ca levels by depositing excess in bone

38
Q

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

A

Prevents hypocalcemia by causing kidneys to retain calcium, intestines to absorb calcium from food and withdraws it from bones

39
Q

What happens in hyperthyroidism?

A

Thyroid gland is secreting too much TH, causing hyperactivity, increased metabolism, weight loss, PUPD, V/D, polyphagia and tachycardia.

40
Q

What happens in hypothyroidism?

A

Thyroid gland isn’t secreting enough TH, causing decreased metabolism, weight loss, fur loss, cold intolerance, bradycardia, and lethargy

41
Q

What happens in thyroid gland atrophy?

A

Normal thyroid tissue is replaced by fat

42
Q

What happens in lymphocytic thyroiditis?

A

Immune system attacks thyroid cells

43
Q

What are the 2 thyroid hormones?

A

T3 ( triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)

44
Q

What is goiter?

A

Nonneoplastic noninflammatory enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by iodine deficiency. Caused by anterior pituitary producing more TSH which causes hyperplasia.

45
Q

Which thyroid hormone is the active form?

A

T3

46
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Near the cranial ends of the kidneys

47
Q

What are the inner and outer portions of the adrenal glands called?

A

The outer is the cortex and the inner is the medulla

48
Q

The adrenal cortex develops from what tissue? What does is produce?

A

Glandular

Steroid hormones and sex hormones

49
Q

What are the 3 glucocorticoid hormones? What do they influence?

A

Cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone
Influences hyperglycemia by influencing liver to convert proteins/lipids to glucose via gluconeogenesis, helps maintain BP and resist effects of stress.

50
Q

Too much or too little glucocorticoid production is called what?

A

Cushing’s disease

Addison’s disease

51
Q

Glucocorticoid drugs cause what adverse effects?

A

Immune suppression, delayed wound healing, catabolic effect, premature parturition, hyperglycemia, suppression of adrenal cortex, hyperadrenocorticism

52
Q

What do mineralocorticoids do? What is the main hormone?

A

Regulate electrolyte level

Aldosterone

53
Q

What is aldosterone’s target? What does it do?

A

Kidney.
Causes sodium ions to be reabsorbed into bloodstream in exchange for potassium and hydrogen to pass out in urine, maintaining a higher sodium to potassium ratio in blood.

54
Q

The adrenal medulla develops from what tissue? What does it produce?

A

Nervous tissue

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

55
Q

What controls hormone secretion of the adrenal medulla?

A

Nervous system

56
Q

Most of the mass of the pancreas is made of which glandular tissue?

A

Exocrine

57
Q

Pancreatic islets, or islets of Langerhans, make up which portion of the pancreas?

A

Endocrine

58
Q

What are the 3 main pancreatic endocrine cells? What do they produce?

A

Alpha cells which produce glucagon
Beta cells which produce insulin
Delta cells which produce somatosin

59
Q

What does somatosin do?

A

Inhibits insulin and glucagon, GH, and activity of GI tract

60
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Causes glucose, amino acids and lipids in blood to be absorbed into body cells for energy. Lowers blood glucose.

61
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Causes hyperglycemia by stimulating liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose, and perform gluconeogenesis

62
Q

What 2 hormones beside glucagon increases blood glucose?

A

GH and glucocorticoid hormone

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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