Urinary System Flashcards
Introduction
• Breathing represents life!
– first breath of newborn baby to last at death
• All body processes directly or indirectly require ATP
– ATP synthesis requires O2 & produces CO2
– drives our need to breathe
Introduction
• Breathing represents life!
– first breath of newborn baby to last at death
• All body processes directly or indirectly require ATP
– ATP synthesis requires O2 & produces CO2
– drives our need to breathe
Respiratory System
• System of tubes that delivers air to lungs
• Respiratory & cardiovascular systems collaborate to deliver O2 to tissues & remove CO2
– “cardiopulmonary system” – disorders of one affects other
• Respiratory system & urinary system collaborate to regulate acid–base balance
Respiratory System
• System of tubes that delivers air to lungs
• Respiratory & cardiovascular systems collaborate to deliver O2 to tissues & remove CO2
– “cardiopulmonary system” – disorders of one affects other
• Respiratory system & urinary system collaborate to regulate acid–base balance
Respiratory System: Functions
– provides O2 & CO2 exchange
– serves for speech / vocalizations
– provides for sense of smell
– affects pH of body fluids
– affects blood pressure (convert angiotensin)
– creates respiratory pump - promotes flow of lymph & venous blood
– breath-holding helps expel abdominal contents during urination, defecation, childbirth (Valsalva maneuver)
Respiratory System: Functions
– provides O2 & CO2 exchange
– serves for speech / vocalizations
– provides for sense of smell
– affects pH of body fluids
– affects blood pressure (convert angiotensin)
– creates respiratory pump - promotes flow of lymph & venous blood
– breath-holding helps expel abdominal contents during urination, defecation, childbirth (Valsalva maneuver)
Respiratory System: Anatomy
• Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
– bronchial tree to alveoli
• millions of thin-walled air sacs
• exchanges gases w/ blood through alveolar wall
• Conducting division
– passages serve only for airflow
– no gas exchange
– nostrils –> –> major bronchioles
• Respiratory division
– alveoli & other gas exchange regions
• Upper respiratory tract—head & neck
– nose –> larynx
• Lower respiratory tract—thorax
– trachea –> lungs
Respiratory System: Anatomy
• Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
– bronchial tree to alveoli
• millions of thin-walled air sacs
• exchanges gases w/ blood through alveolar wall
• Conducting division
– passages serve only for airflow
– no gas exchange
– nostrils –> –> major bronchioles
• Respiratory division
– alveoli & other gas exchange regions
• Upper respiratory tract—head & neck
– nose –> larynx
• Lower respiratory tract—thorax
– trachea –> lungs
Identify
Identify
Nose
• Functions
– filters, warms, humidifies inhaled air
– detects odors
– is resonating chamber - amplifies voice
• Nose = nostrils (nares) to posterior nasal apertures
Nose
• Functions
– filters, warms, humidifies inhaled air
– detects odors
– is resonating chamber - amplifies voice
• Nose = nostrils (nares) to posterior nasal apertures
Nose
• Three folds of tissue— nasal conchae
– superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae (turbinates)
- project from lateral walls toward septum
- meatus—narrow air passage beneath conchae
- ensures that air contacts mucous membranes – filters, warms, moistens
Nose
• Three folds of tissue— nasal conchae
– superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae (turbinates)
- project from lateral walls toward septum
- meatus—narrow air passage beneath conchae
- ensures that air contacts mucous membranes – filters, warms, moistens
Nose
• Olfactory epithelium—detects odors
– ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
– immobile cilia bind odorant molecules
Respiratory epithelium
– ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells
– cilia = motile
– goblet cells secrete mucus; cilia propel mucus toward pharynx
– swallowed
Nose
• Olfactory epithelium—detects odors
– ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
– immobile cilia bind odorant molecules
Respiratory epithelium
– ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells
– cilia = motile
– goblet cells secrete mucus; cilia propel mucus toward pharynx
– swallowed
Respiratory Epithelium
Respiratory Epithelium
Upper Respiratory Tract: Anatomy
Upper Respiratory Tract: Anatomy
Pharynx
• Pharynx (throat)—from posterior nasal apertures to larynx
• 3 regions
– Nasopharynx
• posterior to nasal apertures, above soft palate
• receives auditory tubes & contains pharyngeal tonsil
– Oropharynx
• space betw/ soft palate & epiglottis
• contains palatine tonsils
– Laryngopharynx
• epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
• esophagus begins at that point
Pharynx
• Pharynx (throat)—from posterior nasal apertures to larynx
• 3 regions
– Nasopharynx
• posterior to nasal apertures, above soft palate
• receives auditory tubes & contains pharyngeal tonsil
– Oropharynx
• space betw/ soft palate & epiglottis
• contains palatine tonsils
– Laryngopharynx
• epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
• esophagus begins at that point
Upper Respiratory Tract: Anatomy
Upper Respiratory Tract: Anatomy
Pharynx
• Nasopharynx passes only air
– pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• Oropharynx & laryngopharynx pass air, food, & drink
– stratified squamous epithelium
Pharynx
• Nasopharynx passes only air
– pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• Oropharynx & laryngopharynx pass air, food, & drink
– stratified squamous epithelium
Larynx
• Larynx (voice box)—cartilaginous chamber
• Primary function - keep food / drink out of airway
– additional role: phonation— production of sound!
Larynx
• Larynx (voice box)—cartilaginous chamber
• Primary function - keep food / drink out of airway
– additional role: phonation— production of sound!
Larynx
• Epiglottis—flap of tissue - guards superior opening of larynx
– at rest, almost vertical
– during swallowing, larynx moves upward
– tongue pushes epiglottis down to meet it
– closes airway & directs food to esophagus
– vestibular folds of larynx play greater role in keeping food & drink out of airway
Larynx
• Epiglottis—flap of tissue - guards superior opening of larynx
– at rest, almost vertical
– during swallowing, larynx moves upward
– tongue pushes epiglottis down to meet it
– closes airway & directs food to esophagus
– vestibular folds of larynx play greater role in keeping food & drink out of airway
Identify
Identify
Larynx
• Nine cartilages make up framework of larynx
• First 3 solitary & relatively large
– Epiglottic cartilage: spoon-shaped supportive plate in epiglottis; most superior one
– Thyroid cartilage: largest, laryngeal prominence, shield- shaped
• testosterone in males –> Adam’s apple
– Cricoid cartilage: connects larynx to trachea, ring-shaped
Larynx
• Nine cartilages make up framework of larynx
• First 3 solitary & relatively large
– Epiglottic cartilage: spoon-shaped supportive plate in epiglottis; most superior one
– Thyroid cartilage: largest, laryngeal prominence, shield- shaped
• testosterone in males –> Adam’s apple
– Cricoid cartilage: connects larynx to trachea, ring-shaped
Identify
Identify
Larynx
• Interior wall: two folds on each side betw/ thyroid & arytenoid cartilages
– Superior vestibular folds
• no role in speech
• close larynx during swallowing
– Inferior vocal cords
• produce sound when air passes betw/ them
- contain vocal ligaments
- covered w/ stratified squamous epithelium
- glottis—vocal cords & opening betw/ them
Larynx
• Interior wall: two folds on each side betw/ thyroid & arytenoid cartilages
– Superior vestibular folds
• no role in speech
• close larynx during swallowing
– Inferior vocal cords
• produce sound when air passes betw/ them
- contain vocal ligaments
- covered w/ stratified squamous epithelium
- glottis—vocal cords & opening betw/ them
Larynx - folds
Larynx - folds
Respiratory Tract: Endoscopic view
Respiratory Tract: Endoscopic view
Larynx
Adult male vocal cords
• usually longer & thicker
• vibrate slower, lower-pitched sound
– Loudness: determined by force of air passing betw/ vocal cords
– vocal cords produce crude sounds; words formed by pharynx, oral cavity, tongue & lips
Larynx
Adult male vocal cords
• usually longer & thicker
• vibrate slower, lower-pitched sound
– Loudness: determined by force of air passing betw/ vocal cords
– vocal cords produce crude sounds; words formed by pharynx, oral cavity, tongue & lips
Trachea
• Trachea—rigid tube about 4.5 in. long & 1 in. in diameter
– anterior to esophagus
– supported by C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
– reinforces trachea; keeps it from collapsing during inhalation
Trachea
• Trachea—rigid tube about 4.5 in. long & 1 in. in diameter
– anterior to esophagus
– supported by C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
– reinforces trachea; keeps it from collapsing during inhalation
Trachea
• Inner lining - ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
– mucus-secreting cells, ciliated cells, & stem cells
– mucociliary escalator: mechanism for debris removal
• mucus traps inhaled particles
• upward beating cilia drive mucus toward pharynx
Trachea
• Inner lining - ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
– mucus-secreting cells, ciliated cells, & stem cells
– mucociliary escalator: mechanism for debris removal
• mucus traps inhaled particles
• upward beating cilia drive mucus toward pharynx
Tracheostomy
• Tracheostomy—temporary opening in trachea inferior to larynx; tube inserted to allow airflow
– prevents asphyxiation due to upper airway obstruction
– inhaled air bypasses nasal cavity, so not humidified
– if left too long, mucous membranes dry out, promoting infection
Tracheostomy
• Tracheostomy—temporary opening in trachea inferior to larynx; tube inserted to allow airflow
– prevents asphyxiation due to upper airway obstruction
– inhaled air bypasses nasal cavity, so not humidified
– if left too long, mucous membranes dry out, promoting infection
Cricothyroidotomy
Cricothyroidotomy
Lower Respiratory Tract: Anatomy
Lower Respiratory Tract: Anatomy
Primary Bronchi
Primary Bronchi
Lungs: Gross Anatomy
Lungs: Gross Anatomy
Lungs
Lungs
Bronchial Tree
• Bronchioles
– lack cartilage
– < 1 mm diameter
– pulmonary lobule: portion of lung ventilated by one bronchiole
– ciliated cuboidal epithelium
– well-developed smooth muscle – divides into 50-80 terminal bronchioles
Bronchial Tree
• Bronchioles
– lack cartilage
– < 1 mm diameter
– pulmonary lobule: portion of lung ventilated by one bronchiole
– ciliated cuboidal epithelium
– well-developed smooth muscle – divides into 50-80 terminal bronchioles
Bronchial Tree
Respiratory bronchioles
– alveoli budding from walls
– divide into 2-10 alveolar ducts
– end in alveolar sacs: clusters of alveoli arrayed around
Bronchial Tree
Respiratory bronchioles
– alveoli budding from walls
– divide into 2-10 alveolar ducts
– end in alveolar sacs: clusters of alveoli arrayed around
Alveoli
– Great (type II) alveolar cells
• round / cuboidal cells - cover other 5% of alveolar surface
• repair alveolar epithelium when squamous (type I) cells damaged
• secrete pulmonary surfactant
– phospholipids & proteins that coat alveoli; prevent collapsing during exhalation
Alveoli
– Great (type II) alveolar cells
• round / cuboidal cells - cover other 5% of alveolar surface
• repair alveolar epithelium when squamous (type I) cells damaged
• secrete pulmonary surfactant
– phospholipids & proteins that coat alveoli; prevent collapsing during exhalation
Alveoli
Alveoli
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Pleurae
• Visceral pleura—serous membrane, covers lungs
• Parietal pleura—adheres to mediastinum, inner surface of rib cage, & superior surface of diaphragm
• Pleural cavity—potential space betw/ pleurae
– film of slippery pleural fluid
• Functions:
– reduce friction
– create pressure gradient
• assists lung inflation – compartmentalize
• prevents spread of infection
Pleurae
• Visceral pleura—serous membrane, covers lungs
• Parietal pleura—adheres to mediastinum, inner surface of rib cage, & superior surface of diaphragm
• Pleural cavity—potential space betw/ pleurae
– film of slippery pleural fluid
• Functions:
– reduce friction
– create pressure gradient
• assists lung inflation – compartmentalize
• prevents spread of infection
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Intercostals
Intercostals
Respiratory Muscles
Respiratory Muscles
Respiratory Muscles
• Valsalva maneuver—deep breath, hold it (close glottis), contract abdominal muscles to raise pressure & push organ contents out
– childbirth, urination, defecation, vomiting
Respiratory Muscles
• Valsalva maneuver—deep breath, hold it (close glottis), contract abdominal muscles to raise pressure & push organ contents out
– childbirth, urination, defecation, vomiting
Neural Control of Breathing
• Exact mechanism for setting rhythm of respiration remains unknown (no pacemaker, like heart)
• Depends on repetitive stimuli of skeletal muscles from
CNS: cerebral (conscious) & reticular formation (unconscious)
Neural Control of Breathing
• Exact mechanism for setting rhythm of respiration remains unknown (no pacemaker, like heart)
• Depends on repetitive stimuli of skeletal muscles from
CNS: cerebral (conscious) & reticular formation (unconscious)
Neural Control of Breathing
Neural Control of Breathing
Pressure, Resistance & Airflow
Pressure, Resistance & Airflow
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax
