Circulatory system: Blood Flashcards
Circulatory System: Functions
- Circulatory system: heart, ___, & ___
- Cardiovascular system: heart & ___
- Hematology—study of ___
• Functions:
– Transport (O2, CO2, ___, ___, hormones, & ___ cells)
– Protection (___ cells, initiates ___)
– Regulation (___ balance, ___ pH stabilization, & ___ control)
Circulatory System: Functions
- Circulatory system: heart, BVs, & blood
- Cardiovascular system: heart & BVs
- Hematology—study of blood
• Functions:
– Transport (O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, & stem cells)
– Protection (immune cells, initiates clotting)
– Regulation (fluid balance, ECF pH stabilization, & temperature control)
Blood: Components & General Properties
- Adults: ___ L of blood
- ____ tissue: cells + matrix
– Plasma: ___ of blood (clear, light ___ fluid)
– Formed elements: cells & cell fragments (___, ___, & ___)
Blood: Components & General Properties
- Adults: 4-6 L of blood
- Liquid connective tissue: cells + matrix
– Plasma: matrix of blood (clear, light yellow fluid)
– Formed elements: cells & cell fragments (RBCs, WBCs, & platelets)
Blood: Components & General Properties -know which cells fall into which category
• 7 kinds of formed elements
1) ____ (RBCs)
2) ___
____ (WBCs)
• Granulocytes (w/ granules)
3) ___
4) ___
5) ____
• Agranulocytes (w/out granules)
6) ____
7) ____
Blood: Components & General Properties -know which cells fall into which category
• 7 kinds of formed elements
1) erythrocytes (RBCs)
2) platelets
Leukocytes (WBCs)
• Granulocytes (w/ granules)
3) basophils
4) eosinophils
5) neutrophils
• Agranulocytes (w/out granules)
6) lymphocytes
7) monocytes
Blood Plasma
• ___ blood to separate components
– ___ heaviest, settle ___ (hematocrit)
• ~ ___% total volume (% of blood)
– ____ & ___
• ___% total volume
– ___
• remainder volume ~ __% • mixture of ___, ___, ___, ___, nitrogenous ___, hormones, & ___
Blood Plasma
• Centrifuge blood to separate components
– Erythrocytes heaviest, settle first (hematocrit)
• ~ 45% total volume (% of blood)
– White blood cells & platelets
• 1% total volume
– Plasma
• remainder volume ~ 55% • mixture of H2O, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, & gases
Blood Plasma -know name in red and functions
• Plasma—___ portion of ___
– Serum: plasma without ___
3 major categories of plasma proteins:
–____: smallest & most abundant
• contribute to ___ & ___; influence blood ___ & ___
– ___ (α, β, γ ___) - carry stuff in blood like hormones - are antibodies
- ___
- provide ___ system functions
– ___ (could change and become something else)
• precursor of ___ - help form ____
Blood Plasma -know name in red and functions
• Plasma— liquid portion of blood
– Serum: plasma without fibroses
3 major categories of plasma proteins:
–albumins: smallest & most abundant
• contribute to viscosity & osmolarity; influence blood pressure & flow
– globulins (α, β, γ globulins) - carry stuff in blood like hormones - are antibodies
- transporters
- provide immune system functions
– fibrinogen (could change and become something else)
• precursor of fibrin - help form blood clots
Blood Plasma
- Plasma proteins formed by ___ – (except ___ globulins … from plasma ___!)
• ___ compounds
– Free ___
– Nitrogenous ___ (urea)
• toxic end products of ___ • removed by ___
- ___
– ___, vitamins, fats, ___, ___
- Dissolved __, ___, & ___
- ___
– Na+ = ___% of plasma ___
Blood Plasma
- Plasma proteins formed by liver– (except γ globulins … from plasma cells!)
• Nitrogenous compounds
– Free amino acids
– Nitrogenous wastes (urea)
• toxic end products of catabolism • removed by kidneys
- Nutrients
– glucose, vitamins, fats, cholesterol, minerals
- Dissolved O2, CO2, & nitrogen
- Electrolytes
– Na+ = 90% of plasma cation
Blood: Viscosity & Osmolarity
- Viscosity—resistance of ___ to ___, b/c of ___ (more stuff that’s in there, the more viscous it is)
– ___ 4.5-5.5X as viscous as water
– ___ 2X as viscous as water
- Osmolarity of blood—total molarity of ___ that cannot pass through ___
– if too high, blood ___ too much water, blood pressure ___
– if too low, too much water stays in ___ (___), blood pressure ___
- optimum osmolarity achieved by regulation of ___, ___, & ___
- colloid osmotic pressure (COP)
Blood: Viscosity & Osmolarity
- Viscosity—resistance of fluid to flow, b/c of cohesion (more stuff that’s in there, the more viscous it is)
– whole blood 4.5-5.5X as viscous as water
– plasma 2X as viscous as water
- Osmolarity of blood—total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through BV wall
– if too high, blood absorbs too much water, blood pressure increases
– if too low, too much water stays in tissues (edema), blood pressure drops
- optimum osmolarity achieved by regulation of Na+, proteins, & RBCs
- colloid osmotic pressure (COP
Plasma Protein Deficiency
- _____
– deficiency of ____ (___ or lack of dietary ___ —- ___ or ___ disease)
- Kwashiorkor
– in children w/ severe ___
• fed on cereals once weaned (____)
Plasma Protein Deficiency
- Hypoproteinemia
– deficiency of plasma proteins (starvation or lack of dietary protein —- liver or kidney disease)
- Kwashiorkor
– in children w/ severe protein deficiency
• fed on cereals once weaned (swollen abdomen)
Blood Production
- Hemopoiesis—production of ___, esp. ____ (RBCs & WBCs)
- Hemopoietic tissues produce ___
– yolk sac produces ___ for first blood cells
• colonize fetal ___, ___, ___. & ___
– liver stops producing ___ at birth – ____ continues lymphocyte production
Blood Production
- Hemopoiesis—production of blood, esp. formed elements (RBCs & WBCs)
- Hemopoietic tissues produce blood cells
– yolk sac produces stem cells for first blood cells
• colonize fetal bone marrow, liver, spleen, & thymus
– liver stops producing blood cells at birth – spleen continues lymphocyte production
___ makes formed elements!
- Pluripotent stem cells (PPSC)
- Colony-forming units—specialized ___; produce one class of formed element
- Myeloid hemopoiesis—blood formation in ___
- Lymphoid hemopoiesis—blood formation in ___
Red bone marrow makes formed elements!
- Pluripotent stem cells (PPSC)
- Colony-forming units—specialized stem cells; produce one class of formed element
- Myeloid hemopoiesis—blood formation in bone marrow
- Lymphoid hemopoiesis—blood formation in lymphatic organs
Erythrocytes
• Functions
– carry ___ from ___ to ___ & pick up ___ from ___ & bring to ___
- insufficient ___ can kill in minutes due to lack of ___ to ___
Erythrocytes
• Functions
– carry O2 from lungs to tissues & pick up CO2 from tissues & bring to lungs
- insufficient RBCs can kill in minutes due to lack of O2 to tissues
Erythrocytes: Form & Function
• ___-shaped cell w/ thick ___
– lose nearly all ___ during development!
• lack ___
– ___ fermentation to produce ___
• lack ___ / ___
– no ___ synthesis / ___
-blood type determined by ___ & ___
– ___proteins (spectrin & actin) give membrane ___ & ___
• stretch & ___ as squeezed through ___
Erythrocytes: Form & Function
• disc-shaped cell w/ thick rim
– lose nearly all organelles during development!
• lack mitochondria
– anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP
• lack nucleus / DNA
– no protein synthesis / mitosis
-blood type determined by surface glycoprotein & glycolipids
– cytoskeletal proteins (spectrin & actin) give membrane durability & resilience
• stretch & bend as squeezed through small capillaries
Erythrocytes: Form & Function
- ___ transport
- ___ delivery to ___ & ___ transport to ___
- Carbonic anhydrase (CAH) in ___
– produces carbonic acid from ___ & ___
– important for ___ & ___
– H2O + CO2 –> ___ –> H+ + HCO3-
Erythrocytes: Form & Function
- Gas transport
- O2 delivery to tissues & CO2 transport to lungs
- Carbonic anhydrase (CAH) in cytoplasm
– produces carbonic acid from CO2 & water
– important for gas transport & pH balance
– H2O + CO2 –> H2CO3 –> H+ + HCO3-
Hemoglobin
- Each Hb molecule:
– 4 ___ —globins
- 4 ___
- Heme groups
– ___ moiety that binds O2 to ___(Fe2+) at center
- • Globins—4 ___
– 2α + 2β chains
– 5% ___ in blood is bound to ___ moiety
- adult vs. fetal hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
- Each Hb molecule:
– 4 protein chains—globins
- 4 heme groups
- Heme groups
– nonprotein moiety that binds O2 to ferrous ion (Fe2+) at center
- • Globins—4 protein chains
– 2α + 2β chains
– 5% CO2 in blood is bound to globin moiety
- adult vs. fetal hemoglobin
Erythrocyte Production
- ___ RBCs produced / second!
- Avg: ~ ___ mill /microliter (normal)
- Avg lifespan: ~ ___ days
- Development: ___ days (reduction in ___, synthesis of ___ , loss of ___)
• First committed cell: erythrocyte ___ unit
– receptors for ___ (___) from ___
• ___ multiply & synthesize ___
• ____ discarded to form ___
– ~__% of circulating RBC = ___
Erythrocyte Production
- 2.5 million RBCs produced / second!
- Avg: ~ 5 mill /microliter (normal)
- Avg lifespan: ~ 120 days
- Development: 3-5 days (reduction in cell size, synthesis of hemoglobin, loss of nucleus)
• First committed cell: erythrocyte colony-forming unit
– receptors for erythropoietin (EPO) from kidneys
• Erythroblasts multiply & synthesize hemoglobin
• Nucleus discarded to form reticulocyte
– ~1% of circulating RBC = reticulocytes
Misuse …
• “… growth hormone, cortisone, EPO, steroids and testosterone.”
causes more ___ production –> more ___ to get to ___ —> better ___
Misuse …
• “… growth hormone, cortisone, EPO, steroids and testosterone.”
causes more blood cell production –> more O2 to get to muscles —> better performance
Iron Metabolism
• ___—key nutritional requirement (Hb!)
– lost daily through ___, ___, & ___
• men __ mg/day, women __ mg/day
– low absorption rate requires ___ ~ ___mg/day
Iron Metabolism
• iron—key nutritional requirement (Hb!)
– lost daily through urine, feces, & bleeding
• men 0.9 mg/day, women 1.7 mg/day
– low absorption rate requires high consumption ~ 5-20 mg/day
Erythrocyte Production
• Vitamin ___ & ___
– for ___ in erythropoiesis
• Vitamin ___ & ___
– for ___ synthesizing Hb
Erythrocyte Production
• Vitamin B12 & folic acid
– for mitosis in erythropoiesis
• Vitamin C & copper
– for enzymes synthesizing Hb
Erythrocyte Homeostasis
- Negative feedback control
– drop in RBC count causes ___
– kidney production of EPO stimulates ___
– RBC count ___
- Stimuli for increasing erythropoiesis
– ___ levels O2 (___)
– high __
– increase in ___
– ___
Erythrocyte Homeostasis
- Negative feedback control
– drop in RBC count causes kidney hypoxemia
– kidney production of EPO stimulates bone marrow
– RBC count increases
- Stimuli for increasing erythropoiesis
– low levels O2 (hypoxemia)
– high altitude
– increase in exercise
– emphysema
Erythrocyte Death & Disposal
- RBCs ___ in narrow channels in ___
- Macrophages in ___: digest & separate ___ from ___
• Globins hydrolyzed into ___
• ___ removed from heme
-heme converted to ____
– biliverdin converted to ___, released into ___
– liver removes ___ & secretes into ___
– bile concentrated in ___: released into ___ intestines; ___ create urobilinogen (___ feces)
Erythrocyte Death & Disposal
- RBCs lyse in narrow channels in spleen
- Macrophages in spleen: digest & separate heme from globin
• Globins hydrolyzed into amino acids
• Iron removed from heme
-heme converted to biliverdin
– biliverdin converted to bilirubin, released into blood
– liver removes bilirubin & secretes into bile
– bile concentrated in gall bladder: released into small intestines; bacteria create urobilinogen (brown feces)
Erythrocyte Disorders
- Polycythemia—excess ___
– Primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera)
• cancer of erythropoietic ___
– ~11 million RBCs/μL; hematocrit 80%
– Secondary polycythemia
• ___, ___, high ___, or ___ conditioning
– ~8 million RBCs/μL
- Dangers of polycythemia
– increased blood ___, ___, ___ – risk of stroke or ____
Erythrocyte Disorders
- Polycythemia—excess RBCs
– Primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera)
• cancer of erythropoietic cell line
– ~11 million RBCs/μL; hematocrit 80%
– Secondary polycythemia
• dehydration, emphysema, high altitude, or physical conditioning
– ~8 million RBCs/μL
- Dangers of polycythemia
– increased blood volume, pressure, viscosity – risk of stroke or heart failure
Anemia
• 3 categories of causes:
1) Inadequate ___ or ___ synthesis
• ___ failure & ___ erythropoietin
• ___ anemia
• pernicious anemia - inadequate vitamin ___
• hypoplastic anemia—___ of erythropoiesis
• aplastic anemia—___ of erythropoiesis
2) Hemorrhagic anemias from ___
3) Hemolytic anemias from ____
• 3 potential consequences
– tissue ___ & ___ (lethargy, short of ___; necrosis of ___)
– blood osmolarity ___, producing ___ edema
– blood viscosity ___ (heart ___, ___ drops – possible ___)
Anemia
• 3 categories of causes:
1) Inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis
• kidney failure & insufficient erythropoietin
• iron-deficiency anemia
• pernicious anemia - inadequate vitamin B12
• hypoplastic anemia—slowing of erythropoiesis
• aplastic anemia—cessation of erythropoiesis
2) Hemorrhagic anemias from bleeding
3) Hemolytic anemias from RBC destruction
• 3 potential consequences
– tissue hypoxia & necrosis (lethargy, short of breath; necrosis of vital organs)
– blood osmolarity reduced, producing tissue edema
– blood viscosity low (heart races, pressure drops – possible cardiac failure)
Sickle-Cell Disease
• Hereditary hemoglobin defects - mostly in people of ___ descent
• Caused by ____, modifies structure of ___ (___)
– differs only on 6th ___ of β chain
– Hb does not bind __ well
– ___ rigid, sticky, pointy
– ___ together, block ___ blood vessels: intense ___
– risks: ___ / ___ failure, ___, or ___
Sickle-Cell Disease
• Hereditary hemoglobin defects - mostly in people of African descent
• Caused by recessive allele, modifies structure of hemoglobin (Hb)
– differs only on 6th amino acid of β chain
– Hb does not bind O2 well
– RBCs rigid, sticky, pointy
– clump together, block small blood vessels: intense pain
– risks: kidney / heart failure, stroke, or paralysis
