Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ESA 3 > Urinary Session 1- Introduction And Imaging > Flashcards

Urinary Session 1- Introduction And Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the main functions of the kidney

A

Regulation- Control concentration of key substances in ECF
Excretion- Excretes waste products
Endocrine- Synthesis of renin, erythropoietin, prostaglandins
Metabolism- Active form of vitamin D, catabolism of insulin, PTH, calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define osmolality

A

Number of osmolality of solute per kg of solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define osmolarity

A

Number of osmolarity of solute per litre of solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In normal conditions what is the osmolality of plasma?

A

280-310 mOsm/kg or 280-310 mmol/L

Same as interstitial/intracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What ions is osmolality mainly determined by?

A

In ECF- Na+ and Cl- (80%)

In ICF- K+ (50%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

If osmolarity is higher in ECF which way will the water move?

A

Out of the cell (water moves from low to high osmolarity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the differences in electrolyte composition of ICF and ECF?

A

ICF- high K+, low Na+, many large organic anions

ECF- low K+, high Na+, main anions Cl- and HCO3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How are electrolyte differences between ECF and ICF maintained?

A

Active transport via sodium pumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the consequences if the kidneys fail to control ECF?

A

Failure to control volume = changes in BP, tissue fluid and cell function
Failure to control osmolarity = cells shrink or swell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What ion in plasma can affect the pH of ECF?

A

Bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How much urine is produced on average per day?

A

1.5L out of 180L/day that is filtered!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What structure is described as the functional unit of the kidney and how many are there per kidney?

A

1.5 million nephrons per kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name all the sections of the nephron in the order in which fluid passes through them

A 
Glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

If all tubes within the urinary system are lined with epithelium, which direction does reabsorption occur in?

A

From inside the tube back into the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which substances are 100% reabsorbed?

A

Bicarbonate
Glucose
Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why are more H+ ions lost in urine than are filtered?

A

It is actively secreted in the distal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What blood flow do the kidneys need?

A

4ml/g/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What percentage of CO do the kidneys need at rest?

A

22%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What substances are filtered out of the blood by the glomerulus?

A

Water, electrolytes and small molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate determined by and what is the rate?

A

Afferent and efferent arterioles

125ml/min or 180L/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the main function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Reabsorption

22
Q

Which substances are reabsorbed in PCT and how much of each (%)?

A

60-70% sodium and water
80-90% potassium
90% bicarbonate
100% glucose and amino acids

23
Q

Is the filtrate isotonic or hypotonic at PCT?

A

Isotonic

24
Q

How do reabsorbed materials leave PCT?

A

Peritubular capillaries

25
Q

What cellular mechanism allows transport across the epithelium?

A

Polarised epithelial cells so different membrane properties on luminal and basolateral membranes. Na+/K+ ATPase pumps Na+ across basolateral membrane. Na+ moving down gradient back into lumen provides energy for reabsorption of glucose and other substances.

26
Q

What is the function of the loop of Henle?

A

Create a gradient of increasing osmolarity in the medulla (main function) also site for reabsorption of salts

27
Q

How does the loop of Henle create the osmolarity gradient?

A

Counter-current multiplication which allows formation of concentrated urine if water has to be conserved

28
Q

What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Variable reabsorption of electrolytes and water

29
Q

Is the fluid entering the DCT isotonic or hypotonic?

A

Hypotonic

30
Q

Which electrolytes are reabsorbed in DCT?

A

Sodium and chloride

31
Q

What is significant about the position of the collecting duct?

A

It passes through the high osmolarity of the medulla so any water that can cross the epithelium will leave the urine making it more concentrated

32
Q

Which hormone is responsible for sodium recovery?

A

Renin angiotensin system- controls ECF volume

33
Q

Which hormone is responsible for water recovery?

A

Anti diuretic hormone- controls ECF osmolarity

34
Q

Which areas of the nephron are affected by ADH and how?

A

Distal convoluted tubule and collecting

More permeable to water

35
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of X-ray?

A

Advantages- cheap, contrast depends on tissue density

Disadvantages- ionising radiation

36
Q

What can X-rays be used for?

A

Renal stones- follow up, not diagnosis

37
Q

What is an intravenous urogram (IVU)?

A

Plain radiograph with contrast- contrast material injected then filtered out through kidneys

38
Q

What is the advantage/ disadvantage of IVU?

A

Advantage- cheap

Disadvantage- ionising radiation

39
Q

Which area of the kidney is IVU good for?

A

Collecting system

40
Q

What is an ultrasound?

A

Uses reflection of sound waves

41
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of ultrasound?

A

Advantages- non ionising radiation, accessible, cheap

Disadvantage- operator dependant

42
Q

What are ultrasounds used for?

A

Can assess flow- good for kidneys and bladder

43
Q

What is a computed tomography (CT)?

A

Cross sectional images produced by X-rays

44
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of CT?

A

Advantages- better resolution, quicker than MRI, can be +/- contrast
Disadvantages- ionising radiation so cannot be used for pregnant women or children

45
Q

What is CT good for?

A

Stones, tumour, trauma, infection

46
Q

What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

A

Cross sectional images produced by a magnetic field

47
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of MRI?

A

Advantages- non ionising radiation, can be +/- contrast

Disadvantages- expensive and timely

48
Q

What is MRI good for?

A

Soft tissues

49
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of nuclear medicine?

A

Advantage- gives functional information

Disadvantage- uses radioactive isotopes (ionising radiation)

50
Q

What is nuclear medicine good for?

A

Renal function and obstruction

ESA 3 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions