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ESA 3 > GI Session 1- Endoscopic Tour And Basic Structure & Function > Flashcards

GI Session 1- Endoscopic Tour And Basic Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

By which processes does food enter the gut?

A

Mastication and swallowing

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2
Q

What is food about to be swallowed called

A

Bolus

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3
Q

List the structures a bolus of food will pass through on its route to the stomach

A

Mouth, larynx, oesophagus, stomach

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4
Q

Define dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

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5
Q

What can cause dysphagia?

A

Anaesthesia, neurological deficits, problem with musculature of oesophagus or obstruction of oesophagus with a tumour

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6
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Store ingested food and subject it to preliminary physical and chemical disruption

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7
Q

How does the stomach begin to break down food?

A

Secretion of acid and enzymes which attack biological material

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8
Q

How does the stomach protect itself against its own acid?

A

Mucus and hydrogen carbonate secretion

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9
Q

What happens when the stomachs defence against acid breaks down?

A

Peptic ulceration
Pain relieved by eating
Ulcers may bleed or perforate

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10
Q

What happens if the sphincter between the oesophagus and stomach is weak?

A

Acid may reflux into oesophagus causing irritation, heartburn and may cause damage to the oesophageal mucosa

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11
Q

What leaves the stomach and how is it conditioned?

A

Acid, hypertonic and partly digested chyme- conditioned by secretion of alkali from the liver and pancreas, osmotic movement of water across the duodenal wall, and secretion of enzymes from the pancreas and intestines

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12
Q

Where is bile released from and how does it enter the digestive system?

A

Released from the liver and enters gut via the bile duct

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13
Q

Describe the function of bile acids

A

They assist with digestion of fat in the intestines then are reabsorbed in the terminal ileum and recycled to the liver

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14
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gall-bladder

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15
Q

What is bilirubin and what occurs if it cannot be secreted?

A

Breakdown product of haemoglobin and excess causes hepatic jaundice (can also be caused by liver damage)

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16
Q

What type of liver damage is caused by alcohol?

A

Cirrhosis

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17
Q

What consequences does cirrhosis have?

A

Loss of liver functions, impaired flow of blood from the hepatic portal vein through the liver to the systemic venous circulation = portal hypertension, may lead to ascites and increased flow through collateral venous pathways around oesophagus and anus

18
Q

What is obstructive jaundice and how is it caused?

A

Bile duct obstructed so back up of bile = liver damage

Caused by gallstones

19
Q

How are gallstones formed?

A

Precipitation of bile acids and cholesterol in the gall bladder

20
Q

If gallstones move what can this cause?

A

Movement within gall bladder causes biliary colic

Movement into bile duct can obstruct and cause serious problems

21
Q

Other than gallstones, what can obstruct biliary outflow?

A

Pancreatic tumour (particularly bad prognosis)

22
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

Inflamed pancreas causing considerable pain and amylase released into bloodstream

23
Q

What properties of the small intestine make it the principle site of absorption?

A

Segmentation propels the neutral chyme along its length

Large surface area allows a complex of absorptive processes to occur

24
Q

If the motility of the ilium is compromised, what does this lead to?

A

Paralytic ileus and obstruction of the ilium

25
Q

Which part of the intestines is particularly at risk of inflammation?

A

Appendix- leads to appendicitis

26
Q

What is peritonitis and what is a common cause?

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum usually cause by any perforation of the gut as the contents are released into the space

27
Q

What is absorbed in the large intestine?

A

Remaining water and electrolytes

28
Q

What is formed in the large intestines and where does it end up?

A

Faeces are formed then periodically propelled into the rectum prior to defaecation

29
Q

What is ulcerative colitis?

A

Mainly affects large intestine and inflammation does not affect the full thickness of the bowel wall

30
Q

What is Crohn’s disease?

A

Can affect any part of the intestines and spans the full thickness of the wall

31
Q

What are some of the consequences of inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Diarrhoea, pain and blood loss

Problems with absorption (especially if small intestine is affected)

32
Q

Define secretion (GI)

A

Digestion accomplished by action of HCl, bile and variety of enzymes secreted by exocrine glands

33
Q

Define motility (GI)

A

Contractions of the smooth muscles in walls of tract, mix and move ingested food from mouth to anus

34
Q

Define absorption (GI)

A

Products of digestion take into blood

35
Q

How much food/drink do we ingest per day?

A

1kg food, 1litre liquid

Mixed with 1500ml saliva and 6litres of secretions from stomach, liver, pancreas and intestines

36
Q

Of the 9500ml that passes through the GI tract per day, how much is reabsorbed and where?

A

800ml absorbed in small intestine

1500ml absorbed in large intestine

37
Q

How much poo is produced per day?

A

150g

38
Q

What are the layers of the alimentary canal from inside to outside?

A

Mucous membrane/mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis external
Serosa/adventitia

39
Q

How are secretion and motility of the gut regulated?

A

Reflexes in ANS/enteric system
Hormones
Activated by contents of the gut and operate to maintain optimum conditions for digestion and absorption

40
Q

How is a contraction initiated?

A

It follows the appearance of ‘spike potentials’ initiated by reflexes mediated in the enteric nervous system

41
Q

What does the enteric nervous system consist of?

A

2 nerve plexuses in the wall of the gut that may act independently of CNS- may be modified by the ANS

42
Q

What are the 2 groups of hormones released by the gut?

A

Gastrin

Secretin

ESA 3 (18 decks)

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