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A & P 2 > urinary, male & female reproductive systems > Flashcards

urinary, male & female reproductive systems Flashcards

1
Q

what are two things ovaries produce

A

produce secondary oocytes

produce hormones

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2
Q

what hormones do ovaries make

A

estrogen
progesterone
inhibin
relaxin

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3
Q

what is the function of fallopian tubes/oviducts/uterine tubes

A

transport secondary oocytes to uterus (unfertilized)

transport fertilized eggs to uterus (zygotes)

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4
Q

what is the function of the uterus

A

receives fertilized egg form uterine tube

provides location for embryonic & fetal development

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5
Q

what is the vagina

A

birth canal

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6
Q

what is the vulva or pudendum

A

the external genitals of the female

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7
Q

what are the ovaries

A

egg receptacles

paired glands that resemble unshelled almonds in size & shape

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8
Q

what are the ligaments in the female reproductive system

A

broad ligament
ovarian ligament
suspensory ligament

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9
Q

what is the mesovarium

A

double layered fold of peritoneum which attaches broad ligament to the ovaries

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10
Q

how does the ovarian ligament work

A

anchors ovaries to uterus

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11
Q

broad ligament

A

part of parietal peritoneum

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12
Q

how does the suspensory ligament work

A

attaches ovaries to pelvic wall

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13
Q

what is the hilus of ovary

A

point of exit & entrance for blood vessels & nerves

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14
Q

germinal epithelium

A

layer of simple epithelium ( cuboidal or squamous)

covers ovarian surface

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15
Q

tunica albuginea

A

whitish capsule of dense irregular connective tissue deep to germinal epithelium
covering of ovary

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16
Q

ovarian cortex

A

deep to “b”
contains ovarian follicles
made of dense connective tissue

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17
Q

ovarian medulla

A

deep to ovarian cortex
contains blood vessels, lympahtics, nerves
made of loose connective tissue

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18
Q

ovarian follicles

A

located in cortex

consists of oocytes in varies stages of development & surrounding cells

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19
Q

follicular cells

A

single layer

nourish oocytes

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20
Q

granulosa cells

A

several layers

produce estrogens

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21
Q

mature ovarian follicle (graafian follicle)

A

large fluid filled follicle that soon will rupture & expel a secondary oocyte

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22
Q

corpus luteum

A

yellow body
what is left of graafian follicle after ovulation
produces progesterone, estogens, relaxin & inhibin until it degenerates

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23
Q

corpus albicans

A

white body

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24
Q

oogenesis

A

formation of gametes(ova) in the ovary

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25
Q

diploid cells

A

2n

have 46 chromosomes (somatic cells)

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26
Q

haploid cells

A

n

have 23 chromosomes ( ova & sperm)

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27
Q

primordial cells

A

germs cells which migrate to ovaries during early fetal development from endoderm of yolk sac

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28
Q

oogonia

A

derived from primordial cells

produce millions of germ cells which have 46 chromosomes (in HB”s)

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29
Q

primordial follicle

A

each primary oocyte plus surrounding follicular cells in a single layer

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30
Q

zona pellucida

A

forms between primary oocyte & granulosa cells

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31
Q

corona radiata

A

innermost layer of granulosa cells which attaches to zona pellucida

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32
Q

which cells secrete follicular fluid which builds up in the antrum

A

granulosa cells

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33
Q

the primary follicle develops into what

A

secondary follicle

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34
Q

after puberty what hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) to stimulate progress of oogenesis

A

gonadotrophic hormones

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35
Q

what cell completes meiosis I and produces 2 haploid cells each containing 23 chromosomes

A

diploid primary oocyte (2n)

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36
Q

secondary oocyte

A

larger cell
receives most of cytoplasm
proceeds to meiosis II and stops

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37
Q

what cell ruptures releasing its secondary oocyte and ovulation takes place

A

graafian follicle (mature follicle)

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38
Q

what happens to the secondary oocyte after its released

A

its expelled into the pelvic cavity and swept into the fallopian tube

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39
Q

what happens if fertilization doent occur

A

the secondary oocyte degenerates

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40
Q

if a single sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte then what resumes

A

meiosis II

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41
Q

what happens to the second polar body when the oocyte splits into 2 cells

A

degenerates

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42
Q

what unites to form a fertilized egg

A

the nuclei of the ovum and the sperm cell

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43
Q

infundibulum

A

funnel shaped portion of each tube

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44
Q

fimbriae

A

numerous fingerlike projections which extend from infundibulum

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45
Q

ampulla

A

widest longest portion of uterine tube

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46
Q

isthmus

A

medial short narrow thick walled portion that joins the uterus

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47
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

tubal pregnancy

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48
Q

fundus of uterus

A

dome shaped portion superior to uterine tubes

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49
Q

cervix

A

inferior narrow portion of uterus

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50
Q

what are the 3 layers of tissue of the uterine wall

A

endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium

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51
Q

anteflexior

A

normal uterus bends anteriorly near its base

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52
Q

retroflexion

A

uterus bends back toward sacrum

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53
Q

what are the characteristics of the vagina

A 
elastic muscular tube from cervix
vestibule copulatory organ
receives penis during sexual intercourse
holds spermatozoa prior to passage
birth canal
passageway for fetus & menses
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54
Q

clitoris

A

erogeneous organ just anterior to vaginal entrance
becomes engorged during sexual arousal
contains erectile tissue

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55
Q

scrotum

A

supporting structure for the testes

consist of a sac of loose skin + superficial fascia hangs from root of penis

56
Q

raphe

A

medium ridge separating external pouch of scrotum into 2 lateral portions

57
Q

scrotal septum

A

divides internal scrotum into 2 sacs each containing a single testis

58
Q

what muscle surrounds the testes and continues upward into the abdominal wall and causes wrinkling of the skin of the scrotum

A

dartos muscle

59
Q

what muscle in the spermatic cord elevates the testes in the cold & lowers them in the warm to regulate the temperature

A

cremaster muscle

60
Q

what must the temperature of the testes remain at to insure normal sperm production

A

2-3 Celicus below core body temperature

61
Q

cryptorchidism

A

when one or both testes have not descended by the time of birth

62
Q

can sperm be produced with cryptorchidism

A

no

63
Q

testes

A

paired oval glands which produce sperm & sex hormone testosterone

64
Q

where do testes develop

A

near the kidneys

65
Q

what must happen before birth in order for the testes to produce viable sperm

A

they must descend through the inguinal canal into the scrotum

66
Q

tunica

A

sheaths of the testes

67
Q

tunica albuginea

A

white fibrous coat of testicle

serous membrane

68
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

tightly coiled tubules where sperm are produced

1-3 in each lobule

69
Q

rete testis

A

maze of passageways which form a network of ducts leading from the straight tubules to the coiled efferent ducts

70
Q

what are the 3 parts of the epididymis

A

head
body
tail

71
Q

epididymis

A

tightly coiled structure lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium encircled by layers of smooth muscle

72
Q

stereocilia

A

long branching microvilli that increase surface area for reabsorption of degenerated sperm

73
Q

what are the functions of the epipdidymis

A

site where sperm motility increases 10-14 days
storage place for sperm for month or more
helps propel sperm by peristalsis of smooth muscle into vas deferens
recycles damaged spermatozoa
monitors & adjusts composition of tubular fluid

74
Q

ductus deferens or vas defernes

A

18 inch tube thu which semen containing sperm travels to the terminal portion of itself

75
Q

how is sperm move to different parts

A

peristalsis caused by contractions & relaxation of the muscular coat

76
Q

what is the function of the ejaculatory duct

A

ejects sperm & seminal vesicle secretions just before ejaculation

77
Q

urethra

A

extends from urinary bladder to tip of penis

78
Q

what are the 3 regions of the urethra in males

A

prostatic 1 inch
membranous 1/2 inch
penile (spongy) 6-8 inches

79
Q

what are the functions of the penis

A

copulatory organ
introduces spermatozoa into the vagina
organ of sexual intercourse

80
Q

what does sexual stimulation cause in the male

A

arteries supplying blood sinuses of erectile tissue dilate
large quantities of blood enter sinuses
veins carrying blood away r compressed
blood entering arteries remain & is retainedd

81
Q

parasympathetic reflex

A

vascular changes the result in an erection

82
Q

what happens when the pressure on the veins in the penis is relieved by constriction of the arteries

A

the erection ends and the penis becomes flaccid again

83
Q

what happens during ejaculation so that urine is not expelled and semen does not enter the urinary bladder

A

the smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the bladder closes

84
Q

root of the penis

A

fixed portion which attaches penis to body wall

85
Q

body of penis is called what

A

shaft

86
Q

glans

A

expanded distal end which surrounds external urinary meatus

87
Q

prepuce

A

forskin

88
Q

circumcision

A

removal of the foreskin

89
Q

corona

A

ring around glans

crown

90
Q

external urethral orifice (meatus)

A

slit like opening of the penis

91
Q

seminal vesicles

A

tubular glands between the posterior male urinary bladder wall and the rectum

92
Q

what are the active glands and secrete 60 % of volume of semen

A

seminal vesicles

93
Q

secretions of seminal vesicles contain what

A

fructose (sugar)
prostaglandins (hormone for smooth muscle contractions)
fibrinogen (to form clot in vagina neutralizes acid in vagina)

94
Q

prostate gland

A

donut shaped gland which surrounds prostatic urethra of male

95
Q

prostate gland secretes what

A

prostatic fluid

96
Q

prostatic fluid contains what

A

20% of semen

seminal plasmin an antibiotic to help prevent infection

97
Q

benign hypertrophy

A

non malignant enlargement interferes with urination because it constricts urethra

98
Q

bulbourethral glands (cowpers glands)

A

situated at base of penis
secretions help to neutralize urinary tract acidity
provides lubrication of glans penis

99
Q

spermatogenesis

A

process by which sperm cells or spermatozoa are formed

100
Q

spermatogonia or sperm mother cells are produced by who

A

the seminiferous tubules of the testes

101
Q

spermatogonia contain how many chromosomes

A

46 chromosomes

102
Q

spermatogonia separate from the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule and become known as what

A

primary spermatocytes with 46 chromosomes

103
Q

reduction division or meiosis I is to do what

A

separation of homologous chromosomes from 46 (2n) to23 (n)

104
Q

meiosis II or equatorial division results in what

A

formation of spermatids
each contains half original chromosomes number = 23
haploid (n)

105
Q

each primary spermatocyte produces what

A

four spermatids by meiosis (reduction division) and (equatorial division)

106
Q

each spermatozoa embeds in a sustentacular cell (sertoli cell) and develops what

A

a head with an acrosome

flagellum (tail)

107
Q

spermiation

A

a process of releasing a spermatozoon (sperm cell) from a sustentacular cell

108
Q

each spermatid develops into what

A

a single spermatozoon (sperm cell)

109
Q

sperm complete their maturation in 10-14 days after they migrate to what

A

ductus epididymis

110
Q

nephrons

A

units that perform major functions of urinary systems

111
Q

what are the 3 important functions of the nephrons

A

control blood conentrations & volume
help regulate blood pH (7.4)
remove toxic wastes from the blood

112
Q

to produce urine nephrons + collecting ducts perform what 3 basic processes

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

113
Q

glomerular filtration

A

removing many materials from the blood

114
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

returning the ones the body requires

99% of filtrate returned to blood

115
Q

tubular secretion

A

adds materials to the filtrate from the blood

remainder of filtrate is urine eliminated from body

116
Q

glomerular filtration is forcing of fluids & dissolved substances by pressure by 3 ways

A

endothelium restricts passage of blood cells by pores
basement membrane restricts passage of large proteins
slit membrane & filtration slits between pedicels restrict passage of medium proteins

117
Q

GFR (glomerular filtration rate)

A

amount of filtrate that flows out of all the renal corpuscles of both kidneys every minuet
adult 125mls/min 180 liters/day

118
Q 
characteristics of normal urine
volume
color
turbity
odor
pH
specific gravity
A 
1-2 liters in 24 hours
yellow or amber varies with diet
transparent when fresh becomes turbid upon standing
aromatic but becomes ammonia like
4.6-8.0 average 6.0 varies with diet
1.001-1.035
119
Q

what are the organic solutes found in urine

A 
urea
creatinine
uric acid
hippuric acid
ketone bodies
120
Q

what are the inorganic solutes found in urine

A 
nacl
k+
so42
po43+
nh4+
mg2+
ca2+
121
Q

glomerular filtrate

A

the fluid that enters the capsular space

122
Q

filtration

A

the use of pressure to force fluids & solutes through a membrane

123
Q

filtration membrane

A

fenestrated endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries + podocytes form this leaky barrier which permits filtration of h20 + small solutes and preventes filtration of plasma proteins blood cells and platelets

124
Q

mesangial cells

A

contractile cells which help regulate glomerular filtration

125
Q

podocytes

A

squamous epithelial cells that form the visceral layer of the glomerulus

126
Q

renal corpuscle

A

consist of a glomerular capsule (bowmans) and a glomerulus

127
Q

capsular (bowmans) space

A

place where fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries is collected

128
Q

macula densa

A

a collection of cells crowded together in the final part of the ascending limb of the loop of henle

129
Q

juxtaglomerular cells (JG)

A

modified smooth muscle fibers in the wall of the afferent arteriole

130
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

A

JG + macula densa together help regulate bp within kidneys

131
Q

the homeostatis of body fluids depends on

A

kidneys maintain a stable glomerular filtration rate
125mls/min in males
105mls/min in females

132
Q

what happens when the GFR is too high

A

loss of needed substances in urine

133
Q

what happens when the GFR is too low

A

reabsorption of all filtrate

retention of some waste products

134
Q

how is renal autoregulation accomplished

A

myogenic mechanism

tubuloglemerular feedback

135
Q

myogenic mechanism

A

stretching triggers contraction of smooth muscles which slows flow rate

136
Q

tubuloglemerular feedback

A

macula densa feeds back to glomerulus when GFR is above normal + decreases secretion of NO
blood vessels constrict
blood flow thu glomerulus decreases
GFR decreses (negative feedback)

A & P 2 (3 decks)

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