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test #2 blood vessels, lymphatic system Flashcards

1
Q

Three major blood vessels are

A

arteries
capillaries
veins

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2
Q

Three distinct layers of blood vessels walls

A

tunica interna
tunica media
tunica externa

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3
Q

Arteries

A

transport blood away from heart

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4
Q

vasodilation

A

widening of lumen due to smooth muscles

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5
Q

vasconstriction

A

reduction in lumen diameter due to smooth muscle contraction

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6
Q

how does vasodilation & vasoconstriction help the cardiovascular system

A

regulate circulatory dynamics
maintain BP
continuous blood circulation

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7
Q

endothelium

A

tunica interna

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8
Q

internal elastic lamina

A

tunica media

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9
Q

what are the 3 group of arteries

A

conducting elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles

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10
Q

elastin in all 3 layers but the most is in what layer

A

tunica media

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11
Q

which arteries are the largest in diameter + most elastic

A

aorta

major branches

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12
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

blood vessels become hard
unyielding
blood flows intermittently

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13
Q

arterial pulse

A

alternating expansion & recoil of elastic arteries during each cardiac cycle

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14
Q

radial pulse

A

where radial artery surfaces near wrist

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15
Q

what are the arterial pulse points and pressurepoints to stop hemorrage

A 
temporal
facial
common carotid
brachial
radial
femoral
popliteal
posterior tibial
dorsalis pedis
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16
Q

how do u use compression to stop blood flow into distal tissues

A

press on point between heart and part that is bleeding

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17
Q

arterial pulse reflects what

A

heart rate

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18
Q

arterial pulse is influenced by what

A

activity
postural changes
emotions

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19
Q

what is the heart rate for lying down, sitting up, standing, vigorus exercise, emotional stress

A 
lying down 66
sitting up 70
standing 80
vigorous exercise 140
emotional upset 180
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20
Q

muscular arteries are also called what

A

distributing arteries

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21
Q

what is the function of muscular arteries

A

deliver blood to specific body organs

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22
Q

what are the size of arterioles

A

lumen diameter smaller than 0.3mm

smallest arterial vessel

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23
Q

lumen

A

opening in a vessels

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24
Q

tunic

A

coats forming the walls of blood vessels

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25
vasa vasorum
small blood vessels in walls of blood + lymph vessels | vessels of the vessels
26
capilliaries
smallest blood vessel | walls thin 1 cm thick
27
fenestrated capilliaries
have pores for diffusion of fluids + solutes
28
sinusoids
highly modified leaky capillaries found in pancreas
29
vascular shunt
alternate route for blood
30
metarteriole
thoroughfare channel
31
venules
smallest post capillary veins
32
anastomosis
where vascular channels unite or interconnect
33
blood flow
cardiac output | relatively constant actual volume of blood flowing
34
lymph
clear watery fluid rich in leukocytes | lymphocytes and monocytes
35
interstitial fluid
surrounds body cells and passes into lymph capillaries
36
lymph nodes
collections of lymph tissue which produces lymphocytes filter lymph trap substances from inflammatory & cancerous lesions
37
macrophages
phagocytose foreign substances such as bacteria viruses cellular debris
38
t-cells
lymphocytes attack bacteria + foreign cells by recognizing them as invaders by their cell-surface proteins poking holes & injecting toxic chemicals into them
39
what are t-cells responsible for
cellular immunity co-ordination regulation of immune responses
40
what are the 3 kinds of tonsils
palatine pharyngeal lingual
41
afferent vessels
bring lymph to the node | more numerous in numbers
42
efferent vessels
carry lymph away from the hilus of the node
43
what are the function of the spleen
hemolysis filtration activation storage
44
what are the types of immunity
specific and non specific
45
non specific immunity
present at birth genetic predisposition natural killers
46
what are the 2 types of specific immunity
active- having disease; being vaccinated | passive-maternal antibodies
47
pathogen
disease producing microbes
48
what are the functions of the lymphatic system
draining excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces returning it to blood transporting dietary lipids and lipid soluble vitamins A D E k carring out immune responses
49
how do t-cells destroy invaders
rupture | cytotoxins
50
what do b-cells do
differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies
51
lymphatic circulation
lymphatic capillaries - lymphatic vessels thru lymph nodes
52
pathogen
disease causing organism
53
external physical barriers
epidermis mucous membranes other fluids ( lacrimal apparatus, saliva, urine, vaginal secretions, defecation, vomiting, sebum from sebaceous gland, ph of skin secretions, gastric juice
54
what consists of the first line of defense
external defense | non specific defenses which do not distinguish one pathogen from another physical and chemical
55
what consists of the second line of defense
internal defense non specific phagocytes and macrophages white blood cells attack and ingest release toxic chemicals that kill microbes and stimulate wbc production
56
complement system
enhances certain immune responses to protect from disease
57
transferrins
keep bacteria from growing by reducing amount of iron available for their cells
58
granzymes
enzymes which digest cells and release the pathogens which are destroyed by phagocytes
59
what are major phagocytes
neutrophils | macrophages
60
what are the 5 phases of phagocytosis
``` chemotaxis adherence ingestion digestion killing ```
61
phagosome
digestive sac made by pseudopods engulfing the target
62
residual bodies
anything not destroyed when the microbe is destroyed
63
inflammation
nonspecific defensive response of the body to tissue damage producing redness warmth swelling and pain
64
what are the 3 stages of inflammatory response
vasodilation & increased permeability of blood vessels emigration of phagocytes from blood to ece tissue repair
65
diapedesis
to come out of the blood vessel into tissue
66
what are the chemicals contributing to the inflammatory response
``` histamine kinins prostaglandins leukotrienes complement ```
67
how does a fever help
intensifies effects of interferons inhibits growth of some microbes speeds reactions that repair
68
what consists of the third line of defense
lymphocytes specific defense against disease production of a specific lymphocyte or antibody against a specific pathogen
69
specific immunity has 2 distinguishing characteristics
specificity- acts against specific antigens knows bodies own cell id from invaders memory -immune system remembers 1st attack make better attack subsequent attacks
70
where do b-cells come from
formed & mature in red bone marrow
71
where do t-cells come from
formed in red bone marrow matures in thymus exit thymus as cd4 or cd8
72
2 types of immunity triggered by antigens
cell mediated-cd8 t-cells | antibody mediated cd4 cells
73
what are the primary lymphatic tissues
thymus | red bone marrow

A & P 2 (3 decks)

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