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A & P 2 > test #2 blood vessels, lymphatic system > Flashcards

test #2 blood vessels, lymphatic system Flashcards

1
Q

Three major blood vessels are

A

arteries
capillaries
veins

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2
Q

Three distinct layers of blood vessels walls

A

tunica interna
tunica media
tunica externa

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3
Q

Arteries

A

transport blood away from heart

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4
Q

vasodilation

A

widening of lumen due to smooth muscles

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5
Q

vasconstriction

A

reduction in lumen diameter due to smooth muscle contraction

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6
Q

how does vasodilation & vasoconstriction help the cardiovascular system

A

regulate circulatory dynamics
maintain BP
continuous blood circulation

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7
Q

endothelium

A

tunica interna

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8
Q

internal elastic lamina

A

tunica media

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9
Q

what are the 3 group of arteries

A

conducting elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles

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10
Q

elastin in all 3 layers but the most is in what layer

A

tunica media

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11
Q

which arteries are the largest in diameter + most elastic

A

aorta

major branches

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12
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

blood vessels become hard
unyielding
blood flows intermittently

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13
Q

arterial pulse

A

alternating expansion & recoil of elastic arteries during each cardiac cycle

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14
Q

radial pulse

A

where radial artery surfaces near wrist

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15
Q

what are the arterial pulse points and pressurepoints to stop hemorrage

A 
temporal
facial
common carotid
brachial
radial
femoral
popliteal
posterior tibial
dorsalis pedis
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16
Q

how do u use compression to stop blood flow into distal tissues

A

press on point between heart and part that is bleeding

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17
Q

arterial pulse reflects what

A

heart rate

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18
Q

arterial pulse is influenced by what

A

activity
postural changes
emotions

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19
Q

what is the heart rate for lying down, sitting up, standing, vigorus exercise, emotional stress

A 
lying down 66
sitting up 70
standing 80
vigorous exercise 140
emotional upset 180
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20
Q

muscular arteries are also called what

A

distributing arteries

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21
Q

what is the function of muscular arteries

A

deliver blood to specific body organs

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22
Q

what are the size of arterioles

A

lumen diameter smaller than 0.3mm

smallest arterial vessel

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23
Q

lumen

A

opening in a vessels

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24
Q

tunic

A

coats forming the walls of blood vessels

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25
Q

vasa vasorum

A

small blood vessels in walls of blood + lymph vessels

vessels of the vessels

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26
Q

capilliaries

A

smallest blood vessel

walls thin 1 cm thick

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27
Q

fenestrated capilliaries

A

have pores for diffusion of fluids + solutes

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28
Q

sinusoids

A

highly modified leaky capillaries found in pancreas

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29
Q

vascular shunt

A

alternate route for blood

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30
Q

metarteriole

A

thoroughfare channel

31
Q

venules

A

smallest post capillary veins

32
Q

anastomosis

A

where vascular channels unite or interconnect

33
Q

blood flow

A

cardiac output

relatively constant actual volume of blood flowing

34
Q

lymph

A

clear watery fluid rich in leukocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes

35
Q

interstitial fluid

A

surrounds body cells and passes into lymph capillaries

36
Q

lymph nodes

A

collections of lymph tissue which produces lymphocytes
filter lymph
trap substances from inflammatory & cancerous lesions

37
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytose foreign substances such as bacteria viruses cellular debris

38
Q

t-cells

A

lymphocytes attack bacteria + foreign cells by recognizing them as invaders by their cell-surface proteins
poking holes & injecting toxic chemicals into them

39
Q

what are t-cells responsible for

A

cellular immunity
co-ordination
regulation of immune responses

40
Q

what are the 3 kinds of tonsils

A

palatine
pharyngeal
lingual

41
Q

afferent vessels

A

bring lymph to the node

more numerous in numbers

42
Q

efferent vessels

A

carry lymph away from the hilus of the node

43
Q

what are the function of the spleen

A

hemolysis
filtration
activation
storage

44
Q

what are the types of immunity

A

specific and non specific

45
Q

non specific immunity

A

present at birth
genetic predisposition
natural killers

46
Q

what are the 2 types of specific immunity

A

active- having disease; being vaccinated

passive-maternal antibodies

47
Q

pathogen

A

disease producing microbes

48
Q

what are the functions of the lymphatic system

A

draining excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces returning it to blood
transporting dietary lipids and lipid soluble vitamins A D E k
carring out immune responses

49
Q

how do t-cells destroy invaders

A

rupture

cytotoxins

50
Q

what do b-cells do

A

differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies

51
Q

lymphatic circulation

A

lymphatic capillaries - lymphatic vessels thru lymph nodes

52
Q

pathogen

A

disease causing organism

53
Q

external physical barriers

A

epidermis
mucous membranes
other fluids ( lacrimal apparatus, saliva, urine, vaginal secretions, defecation, vomiting, sebum from sebaceous gland, ph of skin secretions, gastric juice

54
Q

what consists of the first line of defense

A

external defense

non specific defenses which do not distinguish one pathogen from another physical and chemical

55
Q

what consists of the second line of defense

A

internal defense
non specific phagocytes and macrophages
white blood cells attack and ingest
release toxic chemicals that kill microbes and stimulate wbc production

56
Q

complement system

A

enhances certain immune responses to protect from disease

57
Q

transferrins

A

keep bacteria from growing by reducing amount of iron available for their cells

58
Q

granzymes

A

enzymes which digest cells and release the pathogens which are destroyed by phagocytes

59
Q

what are major phagocytes

A

neutrophils

macrophages

60
Q

what are the 5 phases of phagocytosis

A 
chemotaxis
adherence
ingestion
digestion
killing
61
Q

phagosome

A

digestive sac made by pseudopods engulfing the target

62
Q

residual bodies

A

anything not destroyed when the microbe is destroyed

63
Q

inflammation

A

nonspecific defensive response of the body to tissue damage producing redness warmth swelling and pain

64
Q

what are the 3 stages of inflammatory response

A

vasodilation & increased permeability of blood vessels
emigration of phagocytes from blood to ece
tissue repair

65
Q

diapedesis

A

to come out of the blood vessel into tissue

66
Q

what are the chemicals contributing to the inflammatory response

A 
histamine
kinins
prostaglandins
leukotrienes
complement
67
Q

how does a fever help

A

intensifies effects of interferons
inhibits growth of some microbes
speeds reactions that repair

68
Q

what consists of the third line of defense

A

lymphocytes
specific defense against disease
production of a specific lymphocyte or antibody against a specific pathogen

69
Q

specific immunity has 2 distinguishing characteristics

A

specificity- acts against specific antigens knows bodies own cell id from invaders
memory -immune system remembers 1st attack make better attack subsequent attacks

70
Q

where do b-cells come from

A

formed & mature in red bone marrow

71
Q

where do t-cells come from

A

formed in red bone marrow
matures in thymus
exit thymus as cd4 or cd8

72
Q

2 types of immunity triggered by antigens

A

cell mediated-cd8 t-cells

antibody mediated cd4 cells

73
Q

what are the primary lymphatic tissues

A

thymus

red bone marrow

A & P 2 (3 decks)

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