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A & P 2 > digestive & respiratory system > Flashcards

digestive & respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the respiratory system

A

carries out gas exchange

c02 out and o2 in

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2
Q

what organs are included in the respiratory system

A 
nose 
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
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3
Q

nasal septum

A

wall dividing nasal cavities @ midline

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4
Q

pharynx

A

throat
common passageway for digestive & respiratory system
connects nasal cavities with larynx

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5
Q

what are the 3 cavities of the respiratory system

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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6
Q

nasopharynx

A

cavity behind the nose

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7
Q

oropharynx

A

oral cavity

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8
Q

laryngopharynx

A

cavity behind the larynx

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9
Q

tonsils

A

clusters of lymphatic tissue

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10
Q

larynx

A

voice box

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11
Q

valsalva’s maneuver

A

attempt to forcibly exhale with the glottis mouth & nose closed

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12
Q

glottis

A

opening between vocal cords in larynx

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13
Q

epiglottis

A

spoon shaped structure composed of elastic cartilage

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14
Q

what is the function of the epiglottis

A

covers laryngeal inlet (glottis) during swallowing

“guardian of the airways”

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15
Q

trachea

A

windpipe

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16
Q

bronchus

A

one large branches leading to the lungs

primary, secondary, tertiary

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17
Q

respiratory zone

A

begins as terminal bronchioles & leads to respiratory bronchioles

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18
Q

terminal bronchioles

A

deliver air to pulmonary lobules

then branches to form several respiratory bronchioles

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19
Q

which structure is the most delicate in the respiratory system

A

respiratory bronchioles

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20
Q

alveolar ducts

A

branches of respiratory bronchioles

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21
Q

alveolus

A

one structure

chamber where bulk of gas exchange takes place

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22
Q

where are respiratory membranes found

A

alveoli

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23
Q

what area is where alveolar walls come together with capillary walls

A

respiratory membrane

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24
Q

basal laminas

A

air blood barrier where where alveolar walls come together with capillary walls

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25
Q

what happens to inhaled 02 in the lung alveoli

A

goes into capillaries to return to the left atrium of the heart to be circulated to body thru aorta

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26
Q

what happens to co2 in the blood

A

goes thru pulmonary arteries to
capillaries in the lungs
crosses into the alveoli
then exhaled

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27
Q

type I cells

A

single layer of squamous epithelium forming alveolar walls

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28
Q

type II cells

A

cuboidal epithelium cells

secrete surfactant

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29
Q

surfactant

A

reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid

keeps alveolar from collapsing

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30
Q

RDS

A

respiratory distress syndrome

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31
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

dust cells

eat up debris

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32
Q

HMD

A

hyaline membrane disease

33
Q

cilia

A

hair-like structures that move mucus & trapped particles

34
Q

how do the cilia work

A

upper resp. tract cilia move down toward pharynx

lower resp. tract cilia move up toward pharynx

35
Q

pleura

A

lines thorax
covers lungs
thin doubled layered membrane

36
Q

parietal pleura

A

lines wall of thorax including superior aspect of diaphragm

37
Q

visceral pleura

A

covers external surface of lung

38
Q

pleura cavity

A

space between parietal & visceral pleura

39
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

pressure between parietal & visceral pleura

must be less than that inside lungs = negative pressure

40
Q

what happens if the pressure becomes positive

A

lungs collapse

41
Q

what happens with inspiration

A

intrapulmonary pressure must go down
making outside air pressure greater than lungs
allows air to go to lungs

42
Q

what happens with exhalation

A

intrapulmonary pressure must go up
making outside air pressure less than lungs
forcing air to go outof lungs

43
Q

what things are responsible for the changes in intrapulmonary pressure

A

contraction
relaxation
diaphragm
thorax muscles

44
Q

what activates the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve

45
Q

what factors hold lungs to thoracic wall

A

surface tension
positive pressure
atmospheric pressure

46
Q

boyles law

A

when temperature is constant the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume

47
Q

pressure gradient

A

gas flows form a place of higher pressure to a place of lower pressure
simple diffusion = passive transport
no atp required

48
Q

recoil

A

lung elasticity

ability of lung tissue to expand and return to normal

49
Q

surfactant

A

phospholipids + lipoproteins produced by type II alveolar cells (septal cells)

50
Q

IRDS

A

infant respiratory distress syndrome

hyaline membrane disease

51
Q

atalectasis

A

collapse of lung

52
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of one breath Vt

53
Q

vital capacity

A

sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume

54
Q

hypercapnia

A

pco2 levels rise

55
Q

airflow

A

pressure difference between alveoli + atmosphere/resistance

56
Q

eupnea

A

true breathing

57
Q

what is normal breathing rate

A

12 breaths/min

500ml of air into + out of lungs each breath

58
Q

spirometer

A

breath measuring device

59
Q

spirogram

A

record of breathing

60
Q

anatomic dead space

A

the conducting airways where 30% (150mls) of the tidal volume remains

61
Q

alveolar ventilation rate

A

volume of air per min that reaches alveoli

62
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

additional air taken in during a very deep breath about 3100ml

63
Q

total lung capacity

A

sum of all volumes

6000ml

64
Q

daltons law

A

each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure

65
Q

henrys law

A

quantity of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to its pressure & solubility

66
Q

cellular respiration

A

metabolic reaction that consumes o2 & gives off co2 during the production of atp

67
Q

the respiratory center consist of what 3 groups

A

the medullary rhythmicity
the pneumotaxic area
the apneustic area

68
Q

what are the organs of the gi

A 
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
si & li
69
Q

what are the accessory structures

A 
teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
panceas
70
Q

salivary amylase

A

starts chemical breakdown of polysaccharides in to monosaccharieds

71
Q

mastication

A

chewing

72
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

73
Q

what are the phases of deglution

A

buccal phase- occurs in mouth is voluntary

pharyngeal esophageal phase involuntary

74
Q

chyme

A

creamy paste into which food is converted in stomach

75
Q

rugae

A

folds of mucosa

76
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete large amts of protective mucus

77
Q

gastic pits

A

lead into gastric glands which secrete gastric juice

78
Q

what are the secretory cells

A

parietal (oxyntic) secrete HCL + intrinsic factor
chief (zygomatic) produce pepsinogen
enteroendocrine cells

A & P 2 (3 decks)

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