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Integrated Exam 5/9 > Urinary Histo > Flashcards

Urinary Histo Flashcards

1
Q

Exocrine function (4)

A
  • Removes metabolic wastes and foreign substances
  • Regulates body fluid
  • Regulates body salt content
  • Controls acid-base balance
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2
Q

Endocrine function (3)

A
  • Renin secretion: regulation of blood pressure
  • Erythropoietin secretion: stimulates production of red blood cells
  • Controls calcium metabolism by activating 1,25-(OH)2: vitamin D3
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3
Q

Gross anatomy of kidney

A
  • bean shaped
  • connected to blood vessels and ureter
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4
Q

2 regions of anatomy of kidney

A

Cortex: outer, reddish area
which receives ~ 90% - 95% of
the blood passing through the
kidney

Medulla: inner, lighter colored

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5
Q

Regions of kidney labeled

A
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6
Q

Portions of cortex

A
  • Cortical labyrinth (area with corpuscles)
  • Medullary ray (same tissue as medulla)
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7
Q

Portions of cortex labeled

A
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8
Q

Number of lobes: major and minor calyces

A

major: 2-3
minor: 5-11

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9
Q

How many lobes do humans have?

A

8-12 lobes per kidney (3-4 are sufficient for life)

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10
Q

Lobe labeled

A
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11
Q

What are lobes divided into?

A

Lobules

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12
Q

What does a lobule consist of?

A
  • medullary ray (center)
  • surrounding cortical material
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13
Q

Lobule structure image

A
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14
Q

What does a renal secretory duct consist of?

A
  • collecting duct
  • group of nephrons that drain into that duct
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15
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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16
Q

2 types of nephrons:

A
  • juxtamedullary
  • cortical
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17
Q

What gives the layers and striations in a hemi-sected kidney?

A

Arrangement of the tubules

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18
Q

Filtration units (4)

A
  • Renal corpuscle: glomerulus, Bowman’s cap
  • Proximal thick: convoluted and thick
  • Distal thick: convoluted and thick
  • This segment: descending, ascending
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19
Q

Filtration units in the cortex (2)

A
  • cortical labyrinth
  • medullary ray
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20
Q

Filtration units in the medulla

A
  • outer medulla (o)
  • outer medulla (i)
  • inner medulla
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21
Q

cortical labyrinth segments

A
  • renal corpuscles
  • PCT
  • DCT
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22
Q

medullary ray segments

A
  • PST
  • DST
  • CD
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23
Q

outer medulla (o)

A
  • PST
  • DST
  • CD
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24
Q

outer medulla (i)

A
  • thin seg of Henle’s Loop
  • DST
  • CD
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25
Q

inner medulla

A
  • thin seg of Henle’s Loop
  • CD
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26
Q

Which 2 segments of the nephron have the same composition?

A

Medullary Ray and Outer Medulla (outer stripe):
- PST
- DST
- CD

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27
Q

Juxtamedullary vs Cortical Image

A
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28
Q

Renal corpuscle poles

A
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29
Q

Renal corpuscle image

A
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30
Q

Bowman’s capsule layers:

A

– parietal layer, simple squamous
– visceral layer, podocytes w/ foot processes (pedicels)
– bowman’s space (urinary/capsular space)

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31
Q

Renal corpuscle layer formation

A
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32
Q

Renal corpuscle image

A
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33
Q

Visceral/podocyte image

A
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34
Q

Filtration Apparatus Components (3)

A
  1. Glomerular capillary endothelium
  2. Glomerular basement membrane
  3. Visceral/podocyte layer of Bowman’s capsule
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35
Q

Filtration Apparatus EM

A
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36
Q

Filtration Apparatus EM

A
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37
Q

FA: Glomerular Capillary Endothelium

A
  • fenestration diameter
  • lacks a diaphragm
  • aquaporin-1 water channels
  • thick glycocalyx on the luminal side
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38
Q

FA: Glomerular Basement Membrane

A
  • physical & charge barrier
  • 3 areas:
    1. lamina rara interna
    2. lamina densa
    3. lamina rara externa
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39
Q

FA: Visceral Layer of Bowman’s Capsule

A
  • contains podocytes
  • cells are coated with podocalyxin (negatively charged)
  • podocytes extend processes that surround the capillaries
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40
Q

Podocyte slit diaphragms EM

A
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41
Q

Slit diaphragms EM

A
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42
Q

What is the purpose of slit diaphragm?

A
  • increase filtering power of the podocyte
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43
Q

What type of junction is the slit diaphragm?

A

modified adherens junction

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44
Q

Which transmembrane protein is associated with the slit diaphragm?

A

Nephrin contributes to the structure and function of the diaphragm

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45
Q

Mutations in the nephrin gene?

A
  • congenital nephrotic syndrome
  • blood in urine
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46
Q

Filtration Apparatus Summary

A
  1. Glomerular capillary endothelium -
    water channels, size, and ion barrier
  2. Glomerular basement membrane –
    physical barrier and an ion-selective filter
  3. Podocytes – filtration slit membrane =
    physical barrier (true size-selective barrier)
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47
Q

Mesangium refers to

A

mesangial cells and extracellular matrix between the glomerular capillaries

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48
Q

Where are mesangial cells most evident?

A

vascular pole

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49
Q

What are extraglomerular mesangial / lacis cells?

A

mesangial cells that are located outside of the renal corpuscle

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50
Q

Lacis and mesangial cells image

A
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51
Q

Mesangial cells EM

A
52
Q

How are mesangial cells able to contract?

A

Because they are modified SM cells (and surrounded by a basal lamina)

53
Q

What do mesangial cells secrete?

A

Erythropoitin

54
Q

4 major functions of mesangium:

A
  1. Phagocytosis/endocytosis – remove trapped molecules and renew the basal lamina
  2. Structural support
  3. Contraction to regulate blood flow
  4. Secretion – IL-1, PDGF
55
Q

Mesangial cell image

A
56
Q

Mesangial cell image

A
57
Q

Prox tubule location

A

Cortical labyrinth

58
Q

Prox tubule function

A

– REABSORPTION
– 65% H2O, electrolytes
– 100% glucose, amino acids
– Protein resorption by endocytosis (microvilli)
– pH modification: secretion of organic
acids & bases

59
Q

Prox tubule image labeled

A
60
Q

Prox convoluted tubule image labeled

A
61
Q

Prox convoluted tubule brush border image

A
62
Q

Prox convoluted tubule brush border and glycocalyx image

A
63
Q

Prox convoluted tubule reabsorption by endocytosis image

A
64
Q

Purpose of basal striations (with elongate mitochondria) in prox convoluted tubule?

A
  • increase SA of cell
  • area has active pumps that require energy (Na/K ATPase Pump)
  • the pumps allow Na, Cl, and H2O into intercellular space
65
Q

PST location

A
  • medullary ray
  • outer medulla (o)
66
Q

PST function

A
  • reabsorption, but ells are not as
    specialized for reabsorption than PCT cells
67
Q

PST characteristics

A
  • cuboidal epithelium
  • STAR-shaped nucleus
  • larger lumen than DST
  • permeable to H2O
68
Q

PST image

A
69
Q

Henle’s Loop Location

A
  • entire U shaped segment
  • PST
  • DST
  • thin segment
70
Q

Henle’s Loop Functions

A
  • descending limb is highly permeable
    to water & less permeable to solutes
    → tubular fluid osmolality increases
  • ascending limb is highly permeable to
    NaCl, but impermeable to H2O
    → tubular fluid becomes hypo-osmotic
71
Q

What type of epi is in tubules?

A

cuboidal

72
Q

What type of epi is in Bowmans Cap and Henle’s Loop?

A

simple squamous

73
Q

Henle’s Loop Image

A
74
Q

Is Henle’s Loop longer in cortical or juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

75
Q

DST location

A
  • medullary ray
  • outer medulla
76
Q

DCT location

A
  • cortical labyrinth
77
Q

DST image

A
78
Q

DST Functions

A
  • apical membrane has symporters
    → NaCl pumps
  • is impermeable to water
    → separation of water from its solutes
    occurs here
79
Q

DCT Functions (4)

A
  1. reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+
  2. reabsorption of bicarbonate ions and
    secretion of H+
  3. secretion of ammonium
  4. is impermeable to water unless ADH is present
80
Q

DCT histo

A
  • cuboidal
  • few short microvilli (no brush border)
  • mitochondria have a ‘longitudinal’ orientation in the basal portion of the cell - no prominent apical vesicles
  • nucleus more apically located: nuclei appear to bulge into the lumen
81
Q

DCT image

A
82
Q

PCT vs DCT Characteristics

A
83
Q

PCT vs DCT Image

A
84
Q

PCT vs DCT Image

A
85
Q

Macula densa

A
  • specialized region of DT
  • located at vascular pole
  • senses the amount of sodium and chloride in distal tubule
86
Q

Macula densa image

A
87
Q

Macula densa image

A
88
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus Functions

A
  • regulates blood pressure
  • maintains sodium homeostasis and renal hemodynamics
89
Q

What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus include?

A
  1. macula densa
  2. juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells)
  3. extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells)
90
Q

JG Cells Functions

A
  • modified SM cells of the
    afferent arteriole
  • have rounded nuclei and SECRETORY GRANULES (renin)
  • renin is released in response to paracrine stimulation from the macula densa
91
Q

JG cells image

A
92
Q

Lacis Cells Functions:

A
  • connect with each other via gap
    junctions
  • function is unclear; possibly relay info to the JG cells
93
Q

Lacis Cells Image

A
94
Q

CD function

A
  • collect pre-urine from the nephrons
95
Q

4 Types of CD/CT

A
  1. Connecting tubule: cortical labyrinth, horizontal tubule
  2. Cortical duct: medullary rays
  3. Medullary duct: medulla
  4. Papillary duct: papillary region
96
Q

Epithelial lining of CD:

A
  • Simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium
  • Smooth lumen
  • Lightly stained
  • Clear cell boundaries
  • Central and round nuclei,
    evenly spaced
97
Q

CD image

A
98
Q

2 types of cells in the collecting ducts:

A
  • Light cells = principle
  • Dark cells = intercalated cells
99
Q

Light/principle cells (majority)

A

-single cilium
-short microvilli
-basal infoldings
-abundant ADH-regulated water channels

100
Q

Dark/intercalated cells

A

-less abundant than light cells
-microplicae (folds) on apical surface
-secrete H + (α intercalated) or bicarbonate (β intercalated) cells

101
Q

CD: dark/light cells image

A
102
Q

Papillary CD:

A
  • In papillary region (inner
    medulla)
  • Columnar cells
  • Openings at the tip
103
Q

Papillary CD Image

A
104
Q

Interstitium of the kidney is made up of…

A

Cortical interstitium: ~7%
Medullary interstitium: up to 20%

105
Q

Cortical interstitium:

A
  • fibroblast-like macrophages
  • fibroblasts produce EPO in responce to hypoxia or anemia
106
Q

Medullary interstitium

A
  • myofibroblasts oriented to the long axis of the tubules
  • secrete prostaglandins (vasodilator)
107
Q

Blood Supply of the Kidney Order

A

Interlobular artery
Arcuate artery + vein
Interlobar artery + vein
Segmental artery
Renal artery + vein

108
Q

Blood Supply of the Kidney

A
109
Q

Interlobular and arcuate arteries imagery

A
110
Q

Juxtamedullary Glomeruli

A
  • 15% of total
  • Maintains hypertonicity of the medulla
  • Vasa rectae
111
Q

Cortical Glomeruli

A
  • 85%
  • Peritubular capillaries
    Interlobular veins
  • Picks up resorbate from
    proximal and distal tubules
112
Q

Countercurrent Systems
in Medulla

A
  1. Countercurrent Multiplier System –
    Loop of Henle
  2. Countercurrent Exchange System –
    Vasa recta
  3. Collecting Duct permeability
113
Q

Excretory Passage

A

Minor calyx → Major calyx → Renal pelvis → Ureter → Bladder → Urethra

114
Q

Excretory passages (besides urethra) general organization:

A
  • mucosa
  • muscularis
  • adventitia
  • serosa (in some regions)
115
Q

excretory passages organization characteristics

A
  1. Mucosa
    a. Transitional epithelium
    (urothelium): lies the calyces, ureters, bladder and the initial segment of the urethra
    b. Lamina propria: dense
    collagenous
  2. Muscularis
    a. longitudinal inner layer b. circular outer layer
  3. Adventitia or Serosa
116
Q

Ureter - Histological features

A

– Transitional epithelium:
impermeable to H20 and salts
– Lamina propria: dense collagenous
– Muscularis: 2 layers (inner longitudinal, outer circular), less regular, mixed w/ CT
– Adventitia or serosa: loose CT

117
Q

Ureter image

A
118
Q

Urinary epi image

A
119
Q

Transition epi image

A
120
Q

Over distended vs not distended (relaxed) bladder images

A

Distended has thinner epi; relaxed has thicker epi layer

121
Q

Urinary Bladder Characteristics

A
  • distensible reservoir for urine
  • Rugae region for extension
  • Parasympathetic innervation forms the efferent fibers of the micturition reflex
  • compression of the smooth muscle of the bladder also compresses the openings of the ureter into the bladder preventing urine backflow and spread of infection
122
Q

Urinary Bladder Histo

A

Mucosa:
- has rugae except for the trigone region
- Transitional epithelium; 5-7 layers
- Thick layer of connective tissue with blood vessels & nerves

Muscularis
- generally described as three layers but the layers are indistinct: inner & outer longitudinal, middle circular

Adventitia or Serosa

123
Q

Urethra F vs M

A
124
Q

Urethra image

A
125
Q

Urethra image

A

Integrated Exam 5/9 (3 decks)

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