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Integrated Exam 5/9 > Endocrine Histo > Flashcards

Endocrine Histo Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine Organs

A
  1. hypothalamus
    1a. pituitary gland
  2. thyroid gland
  3. parathyroid gland
  4. adrenal gland
  5. pancreas
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2
Q

Nervous system characteristics

A
  • Fast reaction
  • Action potential
  • Neurotransmitters
  • Precision
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3
Q

Endocrine system characteristics

A
  • Sustained regulation
  • Circulation
  • Hormones
  • Coordination
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4
Q

Nervous system precision

A

sensation
movement
cognition

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5
Q

Endocrine system coordination

A

homeostasis
growth and development reproduction

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6
Q

Developmental Origin of Endocrine Glands

A
  • development from outgrowths of epithelial lining of cavities
  • endocrine cells in close association with blood vessels
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7
Q

Classes of Hormones Based on Structure

A
  • glycoproteins
  • polypeptides
  • steroids
  • amines
  • intracellular receptors
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8
Q

Steroid hormones

A

aldosterone
cortisol
estradiol
progesterone
testosterone
vitamin D

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9
Q

Amine hormones

A

NE
Epi
Dopamine
T3
T4

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10
Q

Polypeptide secreting cells can store things in their secretory vesicles (hydrophilic)

A
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11
Q

Steroid secreting cells cant store things bc theyre hydrophobic

A
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12
Q

Where are steroid secreting cells located?

A
  • lipids
  • mitochon
  • SER
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13
Q

2 lobes of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior lobe:
- adenohypophysis
- gland tissue
- stains darker

Posterior lobe:
* is an extension of hypothalamus
- neurohypophysis
- nerve tissue
- stains lighter

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14
Q

2 lobes of the pituitary gland image

A
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15
Q

Pituitary gland ectoderm types (2)

A
  • oral ectoderm
  • neuro ectoderm
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16
Q

Which direction does oral ectoderm grow?

A

upwards

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17
Q

Which direction does neural ectoderm grow?

A

downwards

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18
Q

Development of the Pituitary Gland

A
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19
Q

3 parts of the adenohypophysis:

A
  • pars tuberalis
  • pars intermedia
  • pars distalis
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20
Q

3 parts of the neurohypophysis:

A
  • Pars nervosa
  • Infundibular stalk
  • Median eminence
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21
Q

Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis labeled

A
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22
Q

Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis image

A
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23
Q

Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis layers labeled

A
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24
Q

Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis layers labeled

A
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25
Q

Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis layers labeled

A
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26
Q

Pituitary Blood Supply:

A
  1. internal carotid A
  2. superior hypophysial A
  3. primary capillary plex
  4. hypophysial portal veins
  5. secondary capillary plex
  6. inferior hypophysial A
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27
Q

Pituitary Blood Supply Diagram

A
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28
Q

Neurohypo Blood Supply

A

Dual:
- superior
- inferior

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29
Q

Adenohypo Blood Supply

A
  • superior only
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30
Q

Locate: CT, RBC’s, SV

A
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31
Q

Pars distalis cells arrangement

A
  • arranged in clumps or cords
  • separated by large diameter fenestrated capillaries
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32
Q

Pars distalis cells based on STAINING RXNS (3 types)

A

ABC -> D (distalis)

  1. Chromophobes (50%)
  2. Acidophils (40%)
  3. Basophils (10%)
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33
Q

Pars distalis cells labeled

A

note: chromophobes dont stain well

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34
Q

Pars distalis cells based on FUNCTION (5 types, 6 hormones)

A
  1. Somatotropes (GH)
  2. Lactotropes (prolactin)
  3. Corticotropes (ACTH)
  4. Gonadotropes (FSH, LH)
  5. Thyrotropes (TSH)
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35
Q

What are folliculo-stellate cells?

A
  • cells present in the anterior pituitary
  • NOT hormone-producing cells
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36
Q

Do folliculo-stellate cells produce hormones?

A

NO

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37
Q

cell with secretory vesicles vs no secretory vesicles image

A
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38
Q

EM image: localization of ACTH in cell

A
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39
Q

Image: foliculo-stellate cells with antibody

A
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40
Q

Pars intermedia characteristics

A
  • Contains mixture of cells (basophils and
    chromophobes)
  • Characterized by colloid-
    filled cysts: residual lumen
    of Rathke’s pouch
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41
Q

Pars intermedia image

A

Located between the pars
distalis and pars nervosa

42
Q

Pars tuberalis characteristics

A
  • Contains veins of the hypothalamohypophyseal system
  • Most cells are basophils
43
Q

Pars tuberalis image

A

Surrounds infundibulum of the neurohypophysis

44
Q

What does the neurohypophysis contain?

A

axons of neurons in the hypothalamus

45
Q

Pars nervosa structural components (3)

A
  1. Unmyelinated axons: cell bodies are located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus
  2. Capillaries
  3. Pituicytes: glial cells that support unmyelinated axons
46
Q

What does the pars nervosa store and release (in herring bodies)

A

*supraoptic nucleus allows both to be produced and secreted
- ADH (vasopressin)
- oxytocin: let down of milk, contracts during childbirth

47
Q

Herring bodies H&E

A
48
Q

Herring bodies PAS

A
49
Q

Pituicytes and endothelial cells in neuruhypo

A

endothelial cells bulge into cap

50
Q

Small peptide hormones of the hypothalamus (3)

A

Pars nervosa hormones:
1. Supraoptic nucleus

Median eminence hypophysiotropic hormones:
1. Paraventricular nucleus
2. Arcuate nucleus

51
Q

Supraoptic nucleus hormones

A
  • ADH (vasopressin)
  • Oxytocin
52
Q

Paraventricular nucleus hormones

A
  • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TSH release)
  • Corticotropin-releasing hormone (ACTH release)
53
Q

Arcuate nucleus hormones

A
  • Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH release)
  • Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone = somatostatin (GH inhibition)
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (LH and FSH release)
  • Prolactin-inhibiting hormone = dopamine (prolactin inhibition)
54
Q

Hormones of hypothalamus regulation

A
  • Regulatory hormones: travel thru primary capillary plexus → portal veins→ into the ANTERIOR pituitary
  • Direct release hormones (ADH & OXY): secreted and released directly into POSTERIOR pituitary via nerve signals through stalk
55
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

infront of trachea

56
Q

Structural unit of thyroid gland

A

thyroid follicle or acinus

57
Q

Thyroid gland epi

A

simple cuboidal/columnar

58
Q

What is follicular cavity of thyroid gland filled with?

A
  • iodine-rich colloid (precursor for thyroid hormones)
59
Q

Are thyroid hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

60
Q

What is found in stroma of thyroid gland?

A
  • reticular connective tissue
  • adipose tissue
  • blood vessels
61
Q

Thyroid gland image

A
62
Q

Are there secretory ves in thyroid follicular cells?

A

NO

63
Q

Are there secretory ves in thyroid parafollicular cells?

A

YES

64
Q

Parafollicular vs follicular cells image

A
65
Q

Parafollicular cells secrete

A

calcitonin

66
Q

Follicular cells secrete

A

thyroxine

67
Q

Parafollicular cell image

A
68
Q

Follicular vs parafollicular cells in EM

A

*note no SV (left) vs SV (right)

69
Q

What does calcitonin primarily target?

A

Bone

70
Q

NET effect of calcitonin

A
71
Q

Development of the Thyroid

A
72
Q

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis

A
73
Q

TSH/TRH regulation

A
74
Q

Low TSH vs High TSH: EM image

A
75
Q

How do TSH levels affect thyroid follicle cell shape

A

Low TSH → thyroid mass diminishes → flat cells

Normal TSH → normal thyroid mass → cuboidal cells

Increased TSH → increased thyroid mass → columnar cells cells

76
Q

Parathyroid image

A
77
Q

Parathyroid image

A

*note fat accumulation as age increases

78
Q

Development of the Parathyroid Glands

A

Superior gland: 4th pouch
Inferior gland: 3rd pouch

79
Q

Principle and oxyphil cells image

A
80
Q

Principle and oxyphil cells image

A
81
Q

How does PTH influence blood Ca levels?

A
  • increases blood Ca levels by promoting release of Ca from bone matrix and slowing Ca movement into urine
  • opposite of calcitonin which promotes movement of Ca in bone matrix
82
Q

Adrenal glands develop from 2 tissues

A
  • mesoderm: forms adrenal cortex
  • neural crest cells: forms adrenal medulla (can be packaged in SV)
83
Q

Adrenal gland image: 3 regions

A
84
Q

What type of cells are cortical cells?

A

Steroid-secreting cells

85
Q

Adrenal cortex layers

A
  • zona glomerulosa (outermost layer)
  • zona fasciculata (middle layer)
  • zona reticularis (innermost layer)
86
Q

Adrenal cortex layers secretions: salt, sugar, sex…

A
  • ZG: mineral corticoids (aldosterone)
  • ZF: glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • ZR: gonadocorticoids (weak androgens; DHEAS)
87
Q

zona glomerulosa

A
  • stimulated by angiotensin II (renin) to release aldosterone
  • aldosterone promotes H2O and Na retention in kidney
88
Q

zona fasciculata

A
  • largest and lightest (stained) layer bc more lipid droplets
  • stimulated by ACTH to release cortisol
  • parallel array across bloodstream
89
Q

Effects of cortisol on the body

A
90
Q

zona reticularis

A
  • stimulated by ACTH to release DHEAS (weak androgens)
91
Q

Medulla of adrenal cortex

A
  • stimulated by preganglionic fibers of SNS to release catecholamines (EPI and NE)
  • cells from neural crest origin
92
Q

Chromaffin cells functions

A
  • postganglionic sympathetic neruosecretory cells
  • secretory vesicles contain epinephrine or norepinephrine
93
Q

Chromaffin cells stained with chromic acid salts are brown

A
94
Q

What do EPI and NE constrict?

A

*Glucocorticoids secreted from the cortex induce the conversion of NE to EPI

  • NE constricts arteries throughout body
  • EPI constricts arteries of the skin, increases CO, bronchiole dilation, anxiety, ect.
95
Q

What type of fxn does pancreas have?

A

Mixed: exocrine and endocrine

96
Q

Exocrine pancreas glandular component

A
  • ductal system (acinar and duct cells)
97
Q

Endocrine pancreas glandular component

A
  • islets of Langerhans (rich blood supply for hormones to be directly released into blood)
98
Q

Endocrine islet cell types secretions

A

alpha: glucagon
beta: insulin
delta: somatostatin

99
Q

Blood flow thru pancreas

A

Endo: insuloacinar portal system
Exo: acinar vascular system

100
Q

Inhibit pancreatic exo secretion (3)

A

Glucagon
PP
SS

101
Q

Stimulate pancreatic exo secretion (3)

A

Insulin
VIP
CCK

Integrated Exam 5/9 (3 decks)

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