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Integrated Exam 5/9 > Reproductive Histo > Flashcards

Reproductive Histo Flashcards

1
Q

4 parts of testis

A

-seminiferous tubules
-straight tubules
-rete testes
-efferent ductules

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2
Q

Testis functions (2)

A
  • secretion of androgens
  • production of sperm
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3
Q

Testis layers (3)

A
  • Tunica Vaginalis
  • Tunica Albuginea
  • Mediastinum Testis
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4
Q

Tunica Vaginalis

A
  • extension of the peritoneum that covers the anterolateral surface
  • not posterior
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5
Q

Tunica Albuginea

A
  • tough outer connective tissue capsule
  • involves the maintenance of an erection directly due to the fascia
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6
Q

Mediastinum Testis

A
  • posterior portion of testis
  • results from a thickening of the albuginea; site where maturing sperm leave the testis through rete testis
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7
Q

What is the purpose of septa in the testis?

A
  • divide testis into ~250 lobules
  • each lobule contains:
    –1-4 seminiferous tubules
    – CT stroma (tunica proper)
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8
Q

Septa of testis image

A
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9
Q

Seminiferous Tubules Characteristics

A

Total length ~ 200-500m (1/4 mile)

Each tubule is surrounded by a tunica/lamina propria

Each tubule has a basal lamina surrounded by 3-5 layers of myoid cells

Lumen lined with stratified epithelium

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10
Q

Seminiferous Tubules Image

A
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11
Q

What type of epi in seminiferous tubules?

A

stratified epithelium

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12
Q

2 Types of Cells in Seminiferous Stratified Epithelium

A
  1. Spermatogenic cells: 4 subtypes
    a. Spermatogonia
    →Type A dark
    →Type A pale
    →Type B
    b. Spermatocytes
    c. Spermatids
    d. Spermatozoa
  2. Sertoli cells (glial cells)
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13
Q

Types of Cells in Seminiferous Stratified Epithelium LABELED

A
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14
Q

Cells of seminiferous tubules in EM labeled

A
  1. Spermatozoa
  2. Spermatids
  3. Spermatogonia
  4. Sertoli cells
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15
Q

Cells of seminiferous tubules image

A
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16
Q

Cells of seminiferous tubules image

A
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17
Q

Sertoli cells structure

A
  • extend from basal lamina to lumen
  • have long cytoplasmic processes
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18
Q

Sertoli cells functions (4)

A
  1. blood-testis barrier
  2. secretes transferrin, inhibin (supresses FSH), plasminogen activator, and androgen binding protein
  3. supports & nourishes developing spermatocyte
  4. phagocytic for residual bodies
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19
Q

Do sertoli cells replicate after puberty?

A

NO

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20
Q

What type of nuclear complex do sertoli cells have?

A
  • Tripartite nucleolar complex
  • Nucleolus surrounded by 2 satellite bodies of chromatin
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21
Q

Sertoli–Sertoli cell junctions:

A

ZONULA ADHERENS: very tight junctions btwn adjacent membranes

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22
Q

Sertoli-Spermatogenic cell junctions:

A

Desmosome-like junctions: btwn Sertoli & Spermatogenic cells

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23
Q

What are the 2 compartments that Sertoli-Sertoli cells form?

A
  1. Basal compartment with spermatogonia
  2. Luminal compartment
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24
Q

What is the separation of the 2 compartments (blood/testis
barrier) important for?

A
  1. Accumulation of androgen-binding protein and testosterone in the lumen
  2. Immune protection
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25
What is the tunica propria?
lamina propria surrounding the seminiferous tubules
26
What happens to the tunica propria with age?
thickens
27
What are the cells of the tunica propria?
- leydig (testosterone) - myoid (specialized fibroblasts)
28
What are myoid cells
- 3-5 layers of cells that surround the seminiferous tubules - contain actin filaments; rhythmic contraction of the myoid cells moves sperm through the tubules - synthesize collagen - derived from fibroblasts
29
myoid cells image
30
Leydig cells structure
- acidophilic - contain crystals of Reinke - ultrastructure of steroid-secreting cell
31
Leydig cells function
- secrete testosterone - respond to LH - do not replicate
32
leydig cells image
33
Spermatogenesis: 3 phases for sperm production
1. Spermatogonial Phase (mitosis) 2. Spermatocyte Phase (meiosis) 3. Spermiogenesis (maturation of spermatid)
34
How long does it take for stem cells to develop into spermatoza?
74
35
Spermatogenesis phases image
teal: spermatogonia (basal position on epi) blue: primary spermatocytes (near basal 1/3 of epi) yell: spermatids (early spermatids = pale-staining chromatin, late spermatids darker-staining chromatin)
36
Spermiogenesis: 4 phases
1. golgi 2. cap 3. acrosome 4. maturation
37
What is the axoneme structure?
9d+2
38
What is the mediastinum?
- extension of the tunica albuginea - contains the rete testis - rete testis: lined with simple cuboidal or low columnar, cells have a single cilium and few microvilli
39
What does the rete testis connect?
~20 efferent ductules
40
When do sperm get motility?
At the epididymis
41
Mediastinum image
42
Efferent Ductules Epi
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with sawtooth appearance
43
Efferent Ductules Cell Types (3)
a. Basal cells b. Ciliated, tall columnar cells (movement of sperm) c. Low columnar cells with microvilli (fluid absorption)
44
Efferent Ductules Function
Reabsorbs most of the fluid secreted in the seminiferous tubules
45
Where do the efferent ductules empty into?
ductus epididymis
46
Efferent Ductules Image
47
Epithelium of the epididymis
Pseudostratified columnar epi with sterocilia
48
What is the epididymis
- Highly coiled tube with associated CT, smooth muscle and CT capsule - Where the final maturation of sperm occurs
49
Epididymis funtions (4)
1. Secretes glycerophosphocholie, sialic acid, and glycoproteins 2. Adds glycocalyx to sperm membrane (surface associated decapacitation factor) – decapacitation of fertilizing ability of sperm 3. Reabsorbs remaining fluid (function of the stereocilia) 4. Phagocytosis of remaining residual bodies and degenerate sperm
50
Epididymis image
51
What is the Ductus/vas deferens
Continuation of the epididymis
52
Ductus/vas deferens functions
Secretory; transport: - Enters the abdominal cavity as a component of the spermatic cord - After leaving the spermatic cord, the distal end of the ductus deferens enlarges to form the ampulla
53
Ductus/vas deferens image
Pseudostratified epi with stereocilia
54
Ductus/vas deferens 3 layers of SM
 → Inner longitudinal → Middle circular → Outer longitudinal
55
Ductus/vas deferens 3 layers of SM image
56
Prostate Gland Functions:
- Produces 30% of semen volume - Releases 0.5 - 2 ml secretions/day voided with the urine - Secretions contain protein enzymes: acid phosphatase, PSA, fibrinolysin, citric acid, cholesterol, and electrolytes - Secretions help liquify the semen
57
Prostate Gland Capsule 3 Layers:
*capsule separates prostate into lobes 1. Mucosal layer – glands empty directly into urethra 2. Submucosal glands - empty into urethral sinus/urethral crest 3. Main prostatic glands - empty into urethral sinus/urethral crest
58
Prostate Gland Image:
59
Prostatic alveoli concretions image
60
Functions of the ovaries
- oogenesis - steroidgenesis
61
Layers of the ovary (4)
1. Germinal Epithelium: simple cuboidal epithelium covering the surface 2. Tunica Albuginea: dense connective tissue under GE 3. Cortex: peripheral portion containing ovarian follicles 4. Medulla: central portion composed of loose CT with blood vessels
62
Layers of the ovary image
63
Stages of Oogenesis
64
Stages of Oogenesis Diagram
65
Four Stages of Folliculogenesis
66
Structure of a Primordial Follicle
* Follicle: primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicular cells * Primary oocyte: arrested in prophase of meiosis I; contains BALBIANI BODY and annulate lamellae
67
Primordial Follicles Image
68
Primordial Follicles Image
69
Primary Follicles Structure
- primary oocyte: surrounded by cuboidal follicular cells - unilaminar: single layer of follicular cells - multilaminar – more than one layer of follicular cells (granulosa cells)
70
Primary follicle image
71
Primary (Multilaminar) Follicle
72
Theca Interna Cells
- Features typical of steroid secreting cells: sER, lipid droplets, mitochondria w/ tubular cristae - Have LH receptors - Secrete androgens (estrogen precursors)
73
Theca Interna Cell Image
74
Secondary (Antral) Follicle
- Appearance of fluid-filled cavities - Oocyte growth inhibited by OMI secreted by the granulosa cells - Theca interna cells are now cuboidal
75
Theca interna and externa labeled
76
Graafian (Mature) Follicle
- Expansion of antrum - Thinner appearing granulosa layer - Prominent thecal layers - Secondary Oocyte
77
Graafian (Mature) Follicle Image
78
Corpus Luteum Function
produce and release hormones that prepare the uterus for implantation of the embryo
79
Corpus luteum of pregnancy function
Maintained by: - ovarian luteotropins (estrogens, IGF I & II), - placental luteotropins (hCG, LH, prolactin, and insulin)
80
Corpus luteum of menstruation function
- remains active for 14 days - degenerates forming corpus albican
81
Corpus Luteum Image
82
Granulosa cells image
83
Corpus Albicans
replaces corupus luteum
84
Atretic Follicles
- follicles with no oocyte - mediated by apoptosis of the granulosa cells
85
Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes Function
- transmit the ovum from the ovaries to the uterus - provides a suitable environment for fertilization and initial development - implantation here results in ectopic pregnancy
86
Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes Structure: 4 Regions
1. infundibulum with fimbriae 2. ampulla 3. isthmus 4. intramural (uterine) segment *the 4 regions differ in their contents of mucosa, muscularis, and serosa
87
Uterine Tube Image
88
Uterine Tube Image
89
Uterine Tube Mucosal Layer
- Exhibits folds; most pronounced in the ampulla (increases surface area) - Lined by simple columnar epi - Lamina propria of loose CT with fibroblast-like cells; can differentiate into decidual cells in tubal pregnancies
90
Uterine Tube – Mucosal Epithelium
- Simple columnar epithelia - 2 cell types: peg cells and ciliated cells
91
Ciliated vs peg cell image
92
Peg Cells Function
Stimulated by progesterone 3 secretory functions: a. facilitates sperm capacitation (removes glycogalyx) b. provides nutrients for ovum and early embryo c. inhibits movement of microorganisms to the oviduct and peritoneal cavity
93
Peg Cells EM
94
Ciliated Cells Function
Stimulated by estrogen Cilia beat toward the uterus to propel the ovum or early embryo to the uterus (peristalsis)
95
Ciliated Cells EM
96
Functions of the uterus
environment for fetal development
97
Regions of the uterus (3)
1. body 2. fundus (above uterine tubes) 3. cervix
98
Layers of the uterine wall (3)
1. Endometrium = mucosa: a. stratum functionalis b. stratum basalis 2. Myometrium (layers indistinct): a. inner longitudinal b. middle circular – stratum vasculare c. outer longitudinal 3. Perimetrium (mesothelium + CT): covers the posterior surface and part of the anterior surface
99
Uterine wall layers image
100
Endometrium of uterine wall function
undergoes changes during the menstrual cycle to prepare it for embryo implantaion
101
Endometrium of uterine wall 2 layers
1. Stratum functionalis – thick layer which is sloughed off during menstruation 2. Stratum basalis – serves as a regenerative source
102
Endometrium of uterine wall epithelium
simple columnar containing secretory and ciliated cells
103
Endometrium of uterine wall lamina propria
simple branched tubular glands, stroma is highly cellular with abundant ground substance
104
Endometrium of uterine wall image
105
Three phases of the menstrual cycle
1. Menstrual (days 0-4) 2. Proliferative (days 5-14) 3. Secretory (days 15-28)
106
Proliferative Phase of Menstrual Cycle Image
107
Proliferative Phase of Menstrual Cycle Image
108
Major Hormone of proliferative phase
Estrogen
109
Secretory Phase of Menstrual Cycle Image
110
Secretory Phase of Menstrual Cycle Image
111
Major Hormone of secretory phase
progesterone (and estrogen) from corpus luteum
112
Proliferative vs Secretory Images
113
Mentral vs Proliferative vs Secretory Images
114
Attributes of cervix
- internal os - ectocervical canal - external os - ectocervix (scraped during pap smear)
115
Epithelial lining of cervix
- simple columnar epithelium - EXCEPT: external os is stratified squamous
116
External os image
117
Transition between cervix epi and external os epi
118
What are Mammary Glands classified as?
Modified apocrine sweat glands
119
How are Mammary Glands Developed?
Under the influence of sex hormones
120
Mammory gland lobes
- each lobe is drained by one lactiferous duct - the interlobular CT is dense irregular - cancer occurs between lobes
121
Mammory gland lobules
- secretory acini and associated ducts - intralobular CT is loose
122
Inactive Mammary Gland
- Consists of ducts and few secretory acini - Fat infiltrates the interlobular CT - Estrogen stimulates an increase in height of secretory cells and fluid accumulation in CT - Most breast cancers involving CT (sarcomas) come from the intralobular CT
123
Inactive Mammary Gland Image
124
Proliferating Mammary Gland
- begin occurring at end of pregnancy - active cell - estrogen stimulates growth of duct - progesterone – stimulates alveoli growth - decrease in CT - increase in plasma cells, lymphocytes, and eosinophils
125
Proliferating Mammary Gland Image
126
Lactating Breast Image
127
Mammary Secretions During Pregnancy
- estrogen and progesterone suppress the effects of prolactin causing inhibition of milk secretion - prolactin and hCG increases as pregnancy progresses
128
When does milk production occur?
- stimulated by prolactin 4 days following childbirth when estrogen and progesterone levels decrease

Integrated Exam 5/9 (3 decks)

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