Urinary Elimination (3-21-23)

Question 1

anuria

Answer 1

no urination

Question 2

dysuria

Answer 2

painful/difficult urination

Question 3

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

Answer 3

chronic increase of serum creatinine and BUN from loss of kidney function

Question 4

enuresis

Answer 4

incontinence

Question 5

frequency

Answer 5

urinating in short intervals (often)

Question 6

hematuria

Answer 6

blood in urine

Question 7

oliguria

Answer 7

scanty, low urine output (> 400 mL in 24 hr)

Question 8

nephropathy

Answer 8

kidney disease

Question 9

nephrotoxic

Answer 9

meds that are damaging to kidney tissue

Question 10

nocturia

Answer 10

frequent urination at night

Question 11

nocturnal enuresis

Answer 11

bedwetting; involuntary loss of urine while asleep

Question 12

micturition

Answer 12

to start the stream of urine; to urinate

Question 13

pessary

Answer 13

vaginal device that holds up bladder (eases urination)

Question 14

polyuria

Answer 14

excessive urination

Question 15

proteinuria

Answer 15

protein in urine

Question 16

pyuria

Answer 16

pus or WBCs in urine

Question 17

urgency

Answer 17

sudden need to urinate (almost uncontrollable)

Question 18

pyelonephritis

Answer 18

kidney infection (UTI)

Question 19

cystitis

Answer 19

bladder infection

Question 20

Expected Color of urine

Answer 20

pale yellow to deep amber color

Question 21

What causes darker color of urine?

Answer 21

increased concentration of urine, decreased fluid intake, excessive fluid loss, some medications

Question 22

Expected clarity of urine

Answer 22

translucent

Question 23

What causes cloudiness in urine?

Answer 23

indicates presence of other constituents: bacteria, RBCs, WBCs, etc

Question 24

What causes cloudiness in urine?

Answer 24

indicates presence of other constituents: bacteria, RBCs, WBCs, etc

Question 25

Expected odor of urine

Answer 25

light smell, non-malodorous

Question 26

What causes odor in urine?

Answer 26

certain foods (asparagus, garlic, onions), bacteria produce an ammonia-like odor, metabolic disorders cause sweet, fruity odor

Question 27

Expected pH of urine

Answer 27

5.0-9.0 (averages 6.0)

Question 28

What causes acidity in urine?

Answer 28

calculi, high protein diet, consumes cranberry juice

Question 29

What causes alkalinity in urine?

Answer 29

calculi, UTI, diet high in dairy products, citrus fruits, or vegetarian diet

Question 30

Expected Results of specific gravity

Answer 30

1.002 - 1.030 (the bigger the number, the more concentrated)

Question 31

What causes elevation (concentrated)?

Answer 31

dehydration

Question 32

What causes decrease in specific gravity (diluted)?

Answer 32

fluid excess, high fluid intake, kidney disease

Question 33

Expected protein in urine

Answer 33

negative or <20 mg/day (increased protein presences = kidney failure)

Question 34

Causes of protein presence

Answer 34

CHF, strenuous exercise, glomerular or other renal damage, kidney failure

Question 35

RBCs/ Hemoglobin expected results in urine

Answer 35

negative or <5

Question 36

Causes of increased RBCs in urine

Answer 36

glomerular damage (causes RBCs to filter through), calculi (causes tears and bleeding), inflammation in GU tract, side effect of anticoagulants/clotting disorders

Question 37

WBCs expected results in urine

Answer 37

negative or <5

Question 38

Causes of increased WBCs in urine

Answer 38

calculi, inflammation, infections; serious renal conditions (no culture growth)

Question 39

Glucose expected result in urine

Answer 39

negative

Question 40

Causes of glucose presence

Answer 40

hyperglycemia, pregnancy, renal dysfunction, corticosteroid use

Question 41

Ketones expected result

Answer 41

negative

Question 42

Causes of ketone presence

Answer 42

breakdown of fat from factors such as prolonged vomiting or vomiting, fasting or starvation, poorly controlled hyperglycemia, DKA

Question 43

How are ketones formed?

Answer 43

formed during abnormal breakdown of fat

Question 44

Bilirubin expected results

Answer 44

negative

Question 45

Causes of bili presence

Answer 45

liver disease, constipation, hemolysis

Question 46

How is bilirubin released?

Answer 46

released when RBCs breakdown; excreted by liver

Question 47

Nitrites expected result

Answer 47

negative or <5

Question 48

causes of nitrite presence

Answer 48

UTI, other infections caused by nitrite forming bacteria (gram-neg such as E. Coli or K. pneumonia); not always present in all UTI cases

Question 49

Leukocyte Esterase expected result

Answer 49

negative or <5

Question 50

Causes of leukocyte esterase presence

Answer 50

UTI, other infections

Question 51

Crystals expected result

Answer 51

negative

Question 52

Causes of crystal presence

Answer 52

calculi, high intake of oxalates (cocoa, nuts, potatoes/french fries, artificial sweeteners, spinach)

Question 53

How should you sample for crystals? Why?

Answer 53

sample fresh urine only; crystals can form when urine sits, ages

Question 54

Bacteria/Yeast/Parasites expected result

Answer 54

negative

Question 55

Causes of microbe presence

Answer 55

infection caused by the type of microbes growing in the urine culture tested by doing a C&S