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Funds II Theory > Final Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Identify factors that influence cardiovascular function

A

Age
Stress
Allergic reaction
Altitude
Pregnancy
Nutrition
Obesity
Exercise
Tobacco
Substance abuse
meds

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2
Q

S/S of Left Sided Heart Failure

A

Crackles
SOB
Productive cough (frothy/pink)
PE
Dyspnea
Decreased SPO2
Increased RR, HR, BP
Cardiomyopathy
Edema
Weight gain
Cyanosis/pallor
Confusion
Bounding pulses
Fatigue
Cool to touch/wet skin

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3
Q

S/S of Right Sided Heart Failure

A

Peripheral edema/JVD
Abdominal distention/pain
Murmurs
Full feeling in stomach
Urgency to urinate
Nausea/vomiting
Increased BP
anorexia

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4
Q

S/S of Anemia

A

Tachycardia
Fatigue
Pallor
Confusion
Diminished pulses

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5
Q

S/S of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) and what is it?

A

Buildup of fatty, cholesterol-containing deposits on artery walls (atherosclerosis)

Coldness in lower leg or foot
Leg numbness or weakness
No pulse or weak pulse
Cramping after activities
Shiny skin on leg

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6
Q

Vasodilators: function, suffix, example

A

Dilate blood vessels and ease cardiac workload
-pril
Ex: nitroglycerin

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7
Q

Beta-Adrenergic Blockers: function, suffix, example

A

Reduce workload of heart and reduce oxygen consumption (relax heart)
-olol
metoprolol

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8
Q

Positive Inotropic Agents: function, example

A

Improve effectiveness of heart’s pumping action without excess workload or oxygen demands (decreases heart rate, for heart failure)
Ex: digoxin

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9
Q

Diuretic: function, example

A

Reduce volume of circulating blood; prevent accumulation of fluid in pulmonary circulation and body tissues (heart failure)
Ex: furosemide

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10
Q

Anticoagulants: function, examples

A

Blood thinner (prevents clots)
Ex: heparin, enoxaparin

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11
Q

S/S of Arterial Insufficiency

A

Pallor/cyanotic/necrotic
Cool to touch
Diminished/weak/absent pulses
Slow cap refill
Wounds (dry/necrotic)
Loss of hair
Pain upon activity (intermittent claudication)

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12
Q

S/S of Venous Insufficiency

A

Erythema/”ruddy”
Swelling, edema, oozy
Warmth
Painful (esp when extremity is dependent [hanging down])
Wounds with drainage

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13
Q

Cognitive Domain of Learning: definition, examples

A

Storing and recalling of new knowledge in the brain
Ex: lecture, panel, discovery, written materials

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14
Q

Psychomotor Domain of Learning: definition, examples

A

Learning a physical skill
Ex: demonstration, discovery, printed materials

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15
Q

Affective Domain of Learning: definition, examples

A

Changing attitudes, values, and feelings; encouraging
Ex: role modeling, discussion, audiovisual materials

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16
Q

Identify factors that can affect learning

A

Age and developmental level
Family support networks
Financial resources
Cultural influences
Language deficits
Health literacy level

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17
Q

Identify strategies for motivating learners

A

Let them know what’s in it for them
Teaching in a way that the client prefers or learns best in

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18
Q

Metabolic Acidosis: causes, S/S

A

Causes: kidney failure, liver failure, severe diarrhea (ASSidosis)
S/S: kussmaul breathing (deep and fast), hyperkalemia

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19
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis: causes, S/S

A

Causes: loss of gastric contents; vomiting (AHHlkalosis)
S/S: HYPOventilation

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20
Q

Respiratory Acidosis: causes, S/S

A

Causes: HYPOventilation= drug overdose, opioids, sleep apnea, COPD, asthma
S/S: increased bicarbonate

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21
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis: causes, S/S

A

Causes: HYPERventilation= pain, anxiety, fear
S/S: decreased bicarbonate

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22
Q

S/S of Hypervolemia: VS, skin, neuro, CV/pulmonary, GU, labs

A

VS: HTN, increased temp, bounding pulses, increased RR/HR
Skin: moist/wet/oozy skin/wounds, warm, redness, edema, moist mucous membranes
Neuro: decreased mobility, decreased ROM, confusion, weakness
CV/Pulmonary: tachycardia, tachypnea, crackles, regurgitation in heart, productive cough, dyspnea, JVD, S3 sounds
GU: increased urination, clear urine
Labs: decreased Hct, K, Na, osmolality

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23
Q

S/S of Hypovolemia: VS, skin, neuro, CV/pulmonary, GU, labs

A

VS: hypotension, weak pulses, increased RR/HR, decreased SPO2
Skin: dry, cool, pallor, decreased skin turgor, dry mucous membranes
Neuro: confusion, weakness, lethargy, cramping, no perspiration
CV/Pulmonary: tachycardia, tachypnea, orthostatic hypotension, weak pulses, slow cap refill
GU: decreased urination, dark/concentrated urine, no output
Labs: hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, increased Hct, increased Hgb, increased osmolality

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24
Q

Hypotonic Fluids: function, uses, examples

A

ECF moves inside cell; CELL SWELLS
Uses: dehydrated cells, DKA, hyperglycemia
Ex: 5% dextrose in water (D5W), 0.25% NaCl (¼ NS), 0.45% NaCl (½ NS)

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25
Isotonic Fluids: function, uses, examples
Increase ECF volume (blood volume) Uses: bl loss, surgery, vomit, diarrhea, dehydration Ex: lactated ringers, 0.9% NaCL
26
Hypertonic Fluids: function, uses, examples
ICF moves outside of cell; CELL SHRINKS Uses: swollen cells, cerebral edema, HYPONATREMIA Ex: 5% dextrose in 0.45 NaCl, 5% dextrose in 0.9% NaCl, 3% NaCl
27
Phlebitis: definition, S/S, intervention
Inflammation of a vein Pain, increased skin temp, redness D/C IV line, apply moist WARM compress, monitor IV site for redness/tenderness to prevent infection
28
Infiltration: definition, S/S, intervention
Leakage of IV solution or med into extravascular tissue (does not irritate tissue) Edema, pallor, decreased skin temp around site, pain D/C IV line, elevate extremity, WARM compress to absorb fluid
29
Extravasation: definition, S/S, intervention
IV catheter becomes dislodged and med infuses into tissues (irritates tissue) Pain, stinging, burning, swelling, redness at site D/C IV line, apply COOL compress, admin antidote if exists for med
30
Factors that cause slowed peristalsis
Some foods: cheese, milk, etc Narcotic pain meds Antacids Iron supplements (black/dark brown stools) Stress Immobility Nerve damage (e.g. abdominal surgery/spinal cord injury) Food allergies Dehydration
31
Factors that cause rapid peristalsis
Antibiotics Laxatives Magnesium Vitamin C Stress Food allergies/lactose intolerance Infections Bowel diseases: IBS, celiac, crohn’s, ulcerative colitis Caffeine
32
List nursing interventions that promote normal bowel elimination
Avoid stimulant laxatives (cause painful peristalsis/diarrhea which could lead to dehydration/electrolyte imbalance) Adequate fiber intake (increases wt and size of stool and softens it) AT LEAST 6-8 glasses of water per day Maintain regular eating schedule Avoid holding it in (causes more water to be absorbed in colon) Be active/exercise
33
White or clay-colored stool
absence of bile or use of antacids
34
Light brown stool
diet high in milk products (light color is from the Ca)
35
Pale, fatty stools
malabsorption of fat
36
Black, tarry stool
use of iron meds, upper GI bleeds, lg quantities of red meat
37
Red stool
bleeding in lower intestinal tract or hemorrhoids
38
Narrow, pencil shaped stool
intestinal constriction (inflammation)
39
Small, marble shaped stool
Constipation/slow peristalsis/dehydration
40
Hard stool
Constipation/slow peristalsis/dehydration
41
Liquid stool
diarrhea/rapid peristalsis
42
Strong, foul odor stool
Blood, infection (C. Diff)
43
Small amounts of water, "oozy" stool
can see it in bowel obstruction
44
Ileostomy: location, complications, stool consistency
In ileum of small intestine, avoids all colon Increase caloric diet and supplements (risk of malnutrition) Watery stool
45
Ascending Colostomy: stool consistency
pudding thick stool
46
Transverse Colostomy: stool consistency
less watery/semi-formed stool
47
Sigmoid Colostomy: stool consistency
formed stool
48
Stoma assessments- what should be assessed, what is “normal”, and what is “abnormal”
Expected to be beefy red and moist Assess peri area for skin breakdown Black or cyanotic tissue is abnormal
49
Factors that caused increased urinary output
Diabetes, UTIs (sometimes), diuretics, increased fluid intake
50
Factors that cause decreased urinary output
Dehydration, high fever, antihistamines and drugs with anticholinergic effects, some antidepressants
51
Know nursing considerations of diuretics
Watch potassium, and other electrolyte levels Systolic BP > 100 Give in morning, not before bed
52
Be able to identify the “normal” amount of urinary output in health persons
At least 30 mL/hr or 720 mL/24 hrs 50-60 mL/hr is ideal
53
Clean catch urine
Collected during midstream (sterile specimen)
54
Sterile Urine Specimen
May be obtained by catheterizing pt’s bladder or taking specimen from indwelling catheter
55
24 Hour Collection of Urine
All urine is collected for 24 hours
56
List nursing interventions that promote normal urination
Adequate fluid intake Ambulation
57
Compare NSAIDS vs opioid analgesics
NSAIDs are given for mild pain Opioids are given for severe pain
58
Somatic Pain
Pain perceived by muscles, joints, tendons/ligaments, bones
59
Visceral Pain
Pain perceived by internal organs
60
Cutaneous Pain
Pain perceived by skin Burns, tears, bruises, scrapes
61
Radiating Pain
Pain that travels from one body part to another
62
Referred Pain
Pain that is perceived in an area distant from point of origin Gallbladder/pancreas pain can refer to back Jaw pain during MI (mainly females)
63
Phantom Pain
Pain that often occurs with an amputated limb where receptors and nerves are clearly absent
64
Psychogenic Pain
Cause of pain cannot be identified Associated w/ psychological factors; mental or emotional problems can make pain worse Ex: back pain
65
S/S of Acute Pain
Increased vital signs Severe pain can cause reflex action to escape the cause Anxiety is usually present The pain is not all consuming
66
S/S of Chronic Pain
Normal or decreased vital signs Tends to consume entire person (demands total attention) Physically and emotionally exhausting Ongoing irritability, fear, isolation, fatigue, anger, helplessness, stress/anxiety, DEPRESSION
67
Identify factors that influence pain
Culture/ethnicity Family Sex Gender Age Environment Support Anxiety/stress Previous pain experience
68
Identify the components of a pain assessment
Onset Provoking factors Quality Region/radiating Severity Time (duration)
69
Factors that influence sleep and rest
Sleep patterns Motivation Culture Activity level Smoking Alcohol (decreases sleep quality) Stress Illness Certain meds Incontinence Pain Nausea Environmental factors: temp and humidity
70
Consequences of lack of sleep
Obesity= increased appetite and decreased metabolism Anxiety Risk for= DM, HTN, stroke, substance abuse, depression, GI issues Decreased alertness and response time (impaired driving) Fatigue/sleepiness Decreased immunity = increased risk of infections
71
Describe nursing strategies to promote sleep
Prepare a restful environment Promote bedtime rituals Offer appropriate bedtime snacks (light carb/protein) and beverages Promote relaxation and comfort Respect normal sleep-wake patterns Schedule nursing care to avoid disturbances Use meds to produce sleep Patient education to promote sleep
72
REM Sleep
Eyes dart back and forth quickly Small muscle twitching, such as on the face Large muscle immobility, resembling paralysis Irregular RR; sometimes apnea Rapid/irregular pulse BP increases or fluctuates Increase in gastric secretions Metabolism increases; body temp increases Encephalogram tracings active REM sleep enters from stage II of NREM sleep and reenters NREM sleep at stage II: arousal from sleep is difficult Constitutes about 20 to 25% of sleep
73
Stage 1 NREM
Transitional stage between wakefulness and sleep Relaxed state but still somewhat aware of surroundings Involuntary muscle jerking may occur Stage normally only lasts minutes Person can be aroused easily Constitutes only about 5% of total sleep
74
Stage 2 NREM
Falls into a stage of sleep VS begin to decrease Person can be aroused with relative ease Constitutes 50 to 55% of sleep
75
Stage 3 NREM
The depth of sleep increases, and arousal becomes increasingly difficult Deepest sleep Everything is decreased (VS, metabolism, relaxation,etc.) Composes about 10% of sleep
76
Stage 4 NREM
"Pre-REM sleep"
77
Alpha Waves
Early portion of Stage 1 NREM Relaxed and sleepy Low frequency, high amplitude waves
78
Beta Waves
REM sleep and awake WAKEFULNESS
79
Delta Waves
Stage 3 and 4 NREM (deep) sleep
80
Theta Waves
During stage 1 and 2 NREM (light) sleep Mainly seen in children
81
Hypersomnia
Condition characterized by excessive sleeping, especially daytime sleeping When awake are often disoriented, irritated, restless, slower speech and thinking processes MVA risk due to drowsiness or falling asleep while driving
82
Insomnia
Difficulty falling asleep, intermittent sleep, or early awakening from sleep Feeling tired, lethargic, irritable, difficulty concentrating, delirium
83
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Potentially serious sleep disorder in which the throat muscles intermittently relax and block airway during sleep, causing breathing to repeatedly stop and start Sleepiness, fatigue, insomnia, snoring, observed apnea, irritability, fall asleep during boring activities, difficulty concentrating, slower reaction times Risk of hypoxia
84
Narcolepsy
Condition characterized by an uncontrolled desire to sleep Hallucinations, sleep paralysis, cataplexy (loss of skeletal muscle tone lasting from seconds to 1 to 2 minutes) Can fall asleep quickly and during any activity
85
Parasomnias
Patterns of waking behavior that appear during sleep (sleepwalking, sleep talking, nocturnal erections) Risk for injury
86
Somnambulism
sleepwalking risk for injury/falls
87
Restless Leg Syndrome
A condition in which patients are unable to lie still and report experiencing unpleasant creeping, crawling, or tingling sensations in the legs Irresistible urge to move legs when sensations occur
88
Sleep Deprivation
A decrease in the amount, consistency, and quality of sleep; results from decreased REM or NREM sleep Loss of concentration, inattention, irritability
89
Total Cholesterol: Normal Range
<200
90
HDL Cholesterol: Normal Range
>40
91
LDL Cholesterol: Normal Range
<100
92
WBC: Normal Range
5-10 billion/L
93
Serum Albumin: Normal Range
3.4-5.4 g/dL
94
ESR: Normal Range
0-15 males; 0-20 females
95
RBC: Normal Range
3.6-6.1 million/mcL
96
Hemoglobin: Normal Range
11.1-15.3 g/dL
97
Hematocrit: Normal Range
33.7-46%
98
Platelets: Normal Range
150-450 billion/L
99
PT: Normal Range
11.1-13.5 sec
100
INR: Normal Range
0.8-1.3 sec
101
INR: anticoagulant use range
2.0-3.0 sec
102
PTT: Normal Range
25-35 sec
103
PTT: Heparin
1.5-2.5x (25-35 sec)
104
Ejection Fraction: Normal Range
desired: 50-70% bad: <40%
105
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP): Normal Range
<100 pg/mL
106
Potassium: Normal Range
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
107
Sodium: Normal Range
135-145 mEq/L
108
Calcium: Normal Range
8.5-10.2 mg/dL
109
ABGs: pH: Normal Range
7.35-7.45
110
ABGs: PaCO2: Normal Range
35-45 mmHg
111
ABGs: HCO3: Normal Range
22-26 mEq/L
112
ABGs: PaO2: Normal Range
80-100 mmHg
113
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): Normal Range
7-24 mg/dL
114
Creatinine: Normal Range
0.5-1.5 mg/dL
115
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): Normal Range
>90 mL/hr
116
Serum Osmolality: Normal Range
275-295 mOsm/kg
117
Urinalysis: pH: Normal Range
5.0-9.0 (average 6.0)
118
Urinalysis: Specific Gravity: Normal Range
1.002-1.030
119
Urinalysis: Protein: Normal Range
<20 mg/day
120
Urinalysis: Glucose: Normal Range
Negative
121
Urinalysis: Ketones: Normal Range
Negative
122
Urinalysis: Nitrities: Normal Range
Negative
123
Urinalysis: Leukocyte Esterase: Normal Range
Negative or <5 per high power field
124
Urinalysis: Crystals: Normal Range
Negative
125
Urinalysis: Casts: Normal Range
Rare or negative
126
Urinalysis: Bacteria: Normal Range
Negative

Funds II Theory (7 decks)

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