Urinary Elimination

Question 1

what is urinary elimination also known as

Answer 1

voiding or micturition

Question 2

how much does the bladder fill with

Answer 2

200-450ml of urine

Question 3

what is the process for urinating

Answer 3

Activation of stretch receptors in bladder wall
Signaling to the voiding reflex center
Contraction of detrusor muscle
Conscious relaxation of external urethral sphincter

Question 4

what does toilet training children require

Answer 4

Mature neuromuscular system

Adequate communication skills

Question 5

what are some problems with urination

Answer 5

Enuresis

Nocturnal enuresis

Question 6

Enuresis

Answer 6

loss of bladder control

Question 7

nocturnal enuresis

Answer 7

night bed wetting

Question 8

how much urine do we produce

Answer 8

kidneys put out about 50-60 ml/hr

Question 9

complications in older adults

Answer 9

Kidney function decreases
Urgency and frequency common
Loss of bladder elasticity and muscle tone leads  to
Nocturia
Incomplete emptying

Question 10

Nocturia

Answer 10

getting up at night to urinate

Question 11

average urine output

Answer 11

1000-2000 ml/day

Question 12

specific gravity of a urine

Answer 12

dissolved solutes in a sample

Question 13

when is average toilet training most successful

Answer 13

18-36 months

Question 14

factors affecting urinary elimination

Answer 14

Personal
Sociocultural
Environmental
Nutrition
Hydration
Activity level
Medications
Surgery and anesthesia

Question 15

what are some pathological conditions affecting urination

Answer 15

Bladder/kidney infections
Kidney stones
Hypertrophy of the prostate (male)
Mobility problems
Decreased blood flow through glomeruli
Neurological conditions
Communication problems
Alteration in cognition

Question 16

glomerula filtration rate

Answer 16

start to develop problems with the vessels to the kidneys and the actual filtrate (urine that is produced) . Not producing urine as fast and as much. Causing more UTI’s.

Question 17

hypokalemia

Answer 17

low potassium caused by diuretics and high urine output

Question 18

alterations in urinary elimination

Answer 18

Urinary tract infections
Urinary retention
Urinary incontinence
Urinary diversion/urostomy

Question 19

classic sign for UTI

Answer 19

frequency

Question 20

signs and symptoms of a UTI

Answer 20

Urinary frequency
urgency
foul-smelling urine
pyuria
dysuria
hematuria
bladder spasms
edema
chills
fever
back pain
nausea and vomiting

Question 21

Risk Factors for a UTI

Answer 21

sexually active women
women who use spermicidal contraceptive gel
older women
pregnant women
men with an enlarged prostate
people with kidney stones
anyone who has an indwelling catheter

Question 22

Systitis

Answer 22

inflammation of the bladder

Question 23

Pyelonephrtis

Answer 23

infection of the kidneys

Question 24

how do you promote normal urination

Answer 24

Provide privacy ― curtains, doors
Assist with positioning ― men  standing, women  seated upright
Facilitate toileting routines ― identify client’s pattern

Question 25

how do you manage urinary incontinence

Answer 25

Prevent skin breakdown.
Encourage/teach lifestyle modifications.
Implement bladder training.
Encourage client to performKegel’s exercises.
Use anti-incontinence devices as needed

Question 26

pyuria

Answer 26

presence of pus in urine

Question 27

dysuria

Answer 27

painful urination

Question 28

hematuria

Answer 28

blood in urine

Question 29

Other ways to manage urinary incontinence

Answer 29

Strategies to promote independent urination
Pharmacological interventions
Surgical interventions
Parental teaching for enuresis

Question 30

What are the different urine specimens

Answer 30

Freshly voided specimen
Clean catch
Sterile specimen
24-hour urine

Question 31

what are the different urine studies/ testing

Answer 31

Urinalysis
Dipstick testing
Specific gravity

Question 32

BUN and creatinine

Answer 32

(blood urea nitrogen). Always done together and determines Renal function