Urinary disorders in Ruminants (Reuss)

Question 1

Acute Tubular Necrosis

Answer 1

• Vasomotor nephropathy
  
  • septic mastitis
• antimicrobials
  
  • aminoglycosides, Tetracycline, ionophores
• NSAIDS
• Metals
  
  • arsenic, mercury, lead, zinc
• Vitamin D
  
  • Cestrum diurnum
• Cholecalciferol rodenticides
• Ethylene glycol

Question 2

Aminoglycosides and ruminants

Answer 2

• voluntary withdrawel
• should not use

Question 3

Phenylbutazone in lactating dairy cows

Answer 3

• ILLEGAL, DO NOT USE

Question 4

Acute Kidney Injury

Hemoglobinuria

Answer 4

• Post-parturient hemoglobinuria
  
  • older diary cows (5-8 yrs old)
  • 1-4 weeks post-partum
  • low intracellular P
• Copper toxicity
  
  • sheep
• Bacillary Hemoglobinuria
  
  • clostridium novyi type D
  • die quickly so may not see the pigmented urine
• Water intoxication
• Salt poisoning
• Selenium deficiency

Question 5

Acute Kidney Injury

Myoglobinuria

Answer 5

• White muscle disease
  
  • vitamin E, Se deficiency
  • small ruminants susceptible
• Cassia occidentalis (Wild Coffee)
  
  • common in FL and TX

Question 6

Acute Kidney injury

Oak Toxicity

Answer 6

• Green leaves, acorns
• Tannins hydrolyzed in rumen
  
  • Gallic acid, pyrogallots
  • Toxic to renal tubules
  • GI ulceration
• Constipation, melena, weight loss
• Clin path:
  
  • azotemia, proteinuria, glucosuria
• Necropsy:
  
  • Ascites, hydropericardium, hydrothorax
• TX
  
  • supportive, prevention

*sheep and goats have Tanninase in rumen => not affected

Question 7

Acute Kidney Injury

Pigweek toxicity

Answer 7

• Oxalates chelate calcium
• CS
  
  • cattle and swine 5-10 days after turnout
  • weakness, tremors, ataxia, recumbency
• Labwork
  
  • Azotemia, proteinuria, hyperkalemia
• Necropsy
  
  • perirenal edema, ascites
  • 75-100% mortality once CS appear

Question 8

Acute Kidney Injury

Leptospira interrogans

Answer 8

• Serovars hardjo, pomona, grippotyphosa
• Pathophysiology
  
  • Renal vascular endothelial damage
  • Hypoxia
  • Hemoglobinuria
  • Interstitial nephritis
• Young animals, exposure to stagnant water
• Fever, abortion, mastitis, meningitis
• DX
  
  • paired titers
  • urine PCR, fluorescent antibody, dark field microscopy
• TX
  
  • penicillin, ampicillin, ceftiofur
  • avoid oxytetracycline
• Vaccinate
  
  • 5-way killed whole-cell vaccines

Question 9

Acute Kidney Injury

CS

Clin Path

TX

Answer 9

• Clinical signs
  
  • Oliguria, polyuria
  • Anorexia, diarrhea, bloat, muscle weakness
  • epistaxis, ammonia breath
  • bitter milk
• Clin path
  
  • azotemia
  • hypoNa, hypoCl
  • hypoCa, hyperP, hyperMg
  • isosthenuria, proteinuria
• TX
  
  • fluids - IV or enteral

Question 10

Amyloidosis

Answer 10

• result of inflammatory disease
  
  • serum amyloid A
  • deposition in kidney, GI, liver, adrenal
  • disrupts glomerulus
  • PLN
• Diarrhea, weight loss, edema
• severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia
• renal or pulmonary thrombosis
• BX-definitive diagnosis

Question 11

Glomerulonephritis

Answer 11

• Acute
  
  • pregnancy toxemia in small ruminants
• Chronic
  
  • immune-mediatied: BVD, hog cholera, African swine fever
  • inherited in Finnish Landrace lambs
• Poor productivity, diarrhea, edema
• Proteinuria

*Hog cholera and swine fever REPORTABLE

Question 12

Pyelonephritis

Etiologies

Answer 12

• Corynebacterium renale
  
  • contagious in cattle, host-adapted
  • Transmission
    
    • direct, venereal, iatrogenic
  • Subclinical carriers possible
  • herd implications
• E. coli enterics
  
  • ascending UTIs
  • gram neg enterics
• C. pseudotuberculosis, A. pyogenes, Salmonella, Staph. aureus
  
  • hematogenous

Question 13

Pyelonephritis

CS

Answer 13

• Colic, arched back, treading, tail swishing
• fever, depression, inappetance, dec milk yield
• blood, pus, crystals on vulva

Question 14

Pyelonephritis

DX

Answer 14

• enlarged, painful kidney, loss of lobulation
• inc white count, fibrinogen, globulin
• +/- azotemia
• hematuria, proteinuria, bacteriuria, leukocyte casts
• culture

Question 15

Pyelonephritis

TX

Answer 15

• G+: Penicillin (herd outbreak)
  
  • C. renale
• G-: ceftiofur
  
  • individual animals effected
• TX for > 3 weeks IM injections
• Quarantine infected animals

Question 16

Urolithiasis

Answer 16

• Young castrated males
  
  • testosterone effects
• Disease of management
  
  • high concentrate, pelleted diet (Ca:P ratio and excretion P in saliva)
    
    • feedlot, pet
  • Nidus
    
    • estrogenic substances
    • vitamin A
    • UTI?
  • Crystallization
    
    • decreased water consumption
      
      • supersaturation
    • alkaline pH

Question 17

Urolithiasis

main culprits

Answer 17

• Struvite: magnesium ammonium phosphate
• Calcium phosphate
• precipiate in alkaline urine
• pelleted diets
  
  • Ca:P < 2:1
  • dec P excretion
  • high magnesium

Question 18

Urolithiasis

Other stones

Answer 18

• Calcium carbonate
  
  • small ruminants on legume diets
  • precipitate in alkaline pH
• Slilicate
  
  • Western US
  • High silica content in grass
• Oxalate
  
  • Cattle-fescue
  • Sheep-apples, sweet potatoes, pigweed

Question 19

Urethral obstruction

CS

Answer 19

• dramatic
• restlessness, treading, tail-swishing, teeth grinding
• vocalization
• stranguria
• rectal prolapse
• pulsing urethra below anus

Question 20

Sites of calculi obstruction

Answer 20

• Sigmoid flexure
• Ischial Arch
• Neck of bladder
• Urethral process

Question 21

Urolithiasis

rupture

Answer 21

• urethral rupture
  
  • water belly: starts with swelling in prepuce
• Bladder rupture
  
  • abdominal distension
  • anorexia
  • colic

Question 22

Urolithiasis

DX

Answer 22

• PE
  
  • dry prepuce
  • observation of straining
  • urethral pulses
  • small ruminant…lol
• Clin path
  
  • post-renal azotemia
  • hemoconcentration
  • hypoNa, hypoCl
  • hyperP, hyperK, hyperMg
• Abdominocentesis
  
  • peritoneal : serum Cr > 2:1
• Ultrasound
  
  • fluid around bladder/fluid around kidney

Question 23

urolithiasis

Med TX

Answer 23

• correct fluid/electrolyte abnormalities
  
  • 0.9% NaCl
  • Calcium
• Walpoles’ solution
  
  • pH 4.5
  • >30% recurrence
• Amputate urethral process
  
  • temporarily restores patency in 66%
  • catheterize and flush retrograde

Question 24

Urolithiasis

SX TX

Answer 24

• Surgical options
  
  • perineal / ischial urethrostomy
    
    • stricture in < 1 yr
    • salvage (effective for feedlot steer)
• Tube cystotomy
  
  • 44% recurrence in 12-60 mo
  • best for breeding future
• Bladder marsupialization
  
  • cystitis
  • prolapse/eversion
  • stricture
  • cosmesis

Question 25

Urolithiasis

Prevention

Answer 25

• Determine composition of stone
• Ca:P > 2:1
• Mg < 0.2%
• Inc forage
• acidify urine
  
  • ammonium chloride (not very palatable)
  • decrease dietary cation:anion difference
  • variable effects
  • worry about systemic acidemia
• encourage water consumption
• delay castration (6 mo to 1 yr)
• avoid estrogenic growth stimulants
  
  • feedlot animals
  • I think this is illegal anyways…?!?!

Question 26

Ulcerative Posthitis and Vulvitis

Answer 26

• Corynebacterium renale
  
  • normal inhabitant
  • proliferates with high urinary urea/excess protein in diet
  • hydrolizes urea to ammonia causing ulceration
  • contagious
• Pizzle rot

Question 27

Ulcerative Posthitis and Vulvitis

progression

Answer 27

• Starts as moist ulcers
• may progress to internal form
  
  • adhesions, distorted vulvar conformation
• dysuria, vocalization, weight loss
• Isolate affected
• Reduce protein
• systemic and topical antimicrobials

Question 28

Enzootic hematuria

chronic/acute

Answer 28

• Bracken fern
  
  • chronic ingestion
    
    • hematuria in several animals
    • bladder neoplasms
    • dysuria, pollakiuria, death
  • acute toxicity
    
    • bone marrow suppression

Question 29

Enzootic hematuria

Bracken fern pathogenesis

Answer 29

• Irritant
• Mutagenic, carcinogenic
• Immunosuppression
  
  • recrudescence of BPV-2

*TX = Prevention