Urinary

Question 1

Functions of the urinary system

Answer 1

Filtration of blood/excretion of wast, regulation of water and electrolyte balance, regulation of arterial blood pressure, regulation of erythropoesis, production of vitamin D

Question 2

Why are chronic renal diseases associate with anemia?

Answer 2

Because of a decrease in the production of erythropoietin

Question 3

What is a renal lobe?

Answer 3

triangular-shaped structure consisting of a medullary pyramid covered by the corresponding cortex.

Question 4

What is a renal lobule

Answer 4

portion of the cortex between two adjacent interlobular arteries

Question 5

What is a medullary ray?

Answer 5

Single collecting duce collecting the fluid of the corresponding interlobular nephrons

Question 6

Where are renal lobules and renal lobes?

Answer 6

Renal lobules are cortical. Renal lobes are combined cortical-medullary structures. Renal lobules are subcomponents of renal lobes

Question 7

Where is the peritubular capillary network

Answer 7

surrounds the cortical segments of the uriniferous tubules

Question 8

where is the vasa recta

Answer 8

an descending arteriolar-capillary and ascending capillary-venous component that are alongside the loop of Henle

Question 9

What is the uriniferous tubule

Answer 9

nephron and collecting tubule/duct

Question 10

What are the components of the nephron?

Answer 10

Renal corpuscle and the renal tubule

Question 11

What are the components of the renal corpuscle?

Answer 11

capsule of bowman and glomerular capillaries (the glomerulus)

Question 12

What are the components of the renal tubule?

Answer 12

PCT, loop of Henle, and DCT

Question 13

What are the components of the glomerulus?

Answer 13

glomerular capillaries (fenestrated), mesangium (mesangial matrix), podocytes. NOTE does NOT include bowman’s capsule.

Question 14

What do mesangial cells do?

Answer 14

have contractile and phagocytic properties. Provide mechanical support to capillaries, turn over basal lamina components, and secrete vasoactive substances (protaglandins and endothelians)

Question 15

What are the layers of the glomerular filtration barrier

Answer 15

fenestrated endothelial cells, dual glomerular basal lamina, podocytes

Question 16

Defects in the podocytes filtration slit diaphragm lead to…?

Answer 16

Hereditary proteinuria syndromes

Question 17

Congenital nephrotic syndrome is caused by?

Answer 17

Mutations in the nephrin gene

Question 18

What are the differences between acute proliferative glomerulonephritis and rapid progressive glomerulonephritis?

Answer 18

Acute: reversible in children. Caused by proliferation of endothelial and mesangial cells in the presence of neutrophiles. Rapid: proliferation of parietal cells in bowman’s capsule and infiltration of macrophages forming a crescent-like mass within the glomerulus. Observed in Goodpasture syndrome.

Question 19

What are the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 19

macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells, renin-producing juxtaglomerular cells.

Question 20

What is fanconi syndrome?

Answer 20

amino acids and glucose are not reabsorbed and are found in urine. Defect in the cellular energy metabolism decreasing levels of ATP and impairing the Na/K pump

Question 21

Difference in brush border btwn PCT and DCT?

Answer 21

DCT is less well defined. Both are simple cuboidal.

Question 22

What are the cell types of the collecting duct?

Answer 22

Principal cells (light) and intercalated cells (dark)

Question 23

What do principal cells respond to?

Answer 23

Aldosterone

Question 24

What does aldosterone do?

Answer 24

Reduces the excretion of NaCl in the thick ascending loop of Henle, the DCT, and the collection tubule.

Question 25

Flow of blood in the kidney

Answer 25

interlobar artery - arcuate artery - interlobular artery - affarent glomerular arterioles - efferent arterioles - IN SUBCAPSULAR REGION: peritubular capillary network. IN JUXTAMEDULLARY REGION: vasa recta

Question 26

What is the function of podocytes?

Answer 26

Foot processes assist in filtration barrier function by repelling negatively-charged molecules.

Question 27

What is the function of mesangial cells?

Answer 27

Provides structure support and regulate diameter of capillaries.

Question 28

What is the function of macula densa?

Answer 28

Senses blood pressure, regulates blood flow in afferent arteriole to maintain the glomerular filtration rate and stimulates release of renin.

Question 29

What is the function of juxtaglomerular complex?

Answer 29

synthesize, store and release renin.

Question 30

What happens where there are problems with polycystin 1 and 2?

Answer 30

They are primarily in the primary cilium of principle cells (in the collecting duct). Mutations in either gene leads to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

Question 31

What do intercalated cells do?

Answer 31

Dark cells. Secrete either H or HCO3 and reabsorb K in collecting duct. Have apical microvilli.

Question 32

What do principal cells do?

Answer 32

Light cells. Reabsorb Na and water and secrete K. Primary cillium with polycystin 1 and 2.

Question 33

What does aldosterone do?

Answer 33

Stimulates reabsorption of Na at the collecting tubule by the principal cells.

Question 34

What does angiotensin II stimulate?

Answer 34

1. aldosterone secretion by adrenal cortex 2. arteriolar vasoconstriction 3. ADH secretion and thirst 4. reabsorption of NaCl by PCT

Question 35

Describe the changes in the epithelium as urine moves from the ureter through the urethra.

Answer 35

The ureter and bladder have a transitional epithelium. The initial segment of the urethra has a stratified epithelium, and the final segment has a stratified squamous epithelium.