urinary Flashcards
what are the two main structures in the kidney’s organization
the medullary rays and renal columns (interlobular cortical tissue)
the four divisions of the nephron
- renal corpuscle 2. PCT 3. loop of Henle 4. DCT
unifierous tubule
made of nephron and collecting tubule
where is the macula densa found
on the distal convoluted tubule at the juxtaglomerular position
which type of nephron has the longest loop of henle
the juxtaglomerular nephron
the three types of nephrons
cortical, intermediate and juxtaglomerular
outer layer of the filtration space (Bowman’s capsule)
parietal layer: simple squamous
inner layer of Bowman’s Capsule
visceral layer: podocytes
major processes
the main cytoplasmic extensions of podocytes
pedicels
the minor processes stemming from the major processes of the podocyte
filtration slits
the interdigitation of pedicels of the visceral epithelium
filtration slit diaphragm
the gap that is adjusted by microfilaments of the podocyte
where do must filtered particles pass through to reach the joint basement membrane of the glomerulus
through the fenestration of the capillary endothelium
the three layers of the joint basement membrane of the glomerulus from the vessel toward the capsule
lamina rara interna, lamina densa, lamina rara externa
what purpose does the joint glomerular basement membrane serve
it is thicker than other BM’s and its the main filtration barrier, selecting for size and charge
what type of collagen is prominent the lamina densa layer
Type IV
glomerular filtration size limit
70kDa
where does one find a masangial cell
in the BM of glomerular endothelial cells
what are the 2 main purposes of intraglomerular masangial cells
- phagocytize trapped residue 2. structural support for podocytes where the endothelial BM is limited or missing
lacis (lay-sees) cells
extraglomerular masangial cells along the vascular pole of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
What IS the macula densa
densely nucleated epithelium of the distal convoluted tubule where it joins the lacis cells at the juxtaglomerular appartus (cortex)
the 3 components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
the macula densa of the DCT, the afferent/efferent arterioles (JG cells), and the lacis cells
where is renin secreted
JG CELLS (in the afferent arterioes’ tunica media)
how do macula densa cells communicate with JG cells
by SENSING NaCl, and sending signal to increase of decrease renin production
the 2 divisions of the renal corpuscle
the visceral and urinary poles
What are some features of PCT lacking in the DCT
darker, basal infolding, microvilli
responds to aldosterone to resorb water
collecting ducts
epithelium of the collecting ducts
columnar
which performs more resorption PCT or DCT
PCT
layersof the urinary bladder from the inside out
urothelium, lp, submucosa, inner layer of smooth muscle, middle layer mus., outer layer of mus., adventitia
how is the smooth muscle arranged in the ureter
in helical thick formation
what tunic is missing from the ureter
the submucosal layer
describe the lumen of the ureter
stellate with longitudinal folds in the transitional epithelium
uroplakins
the class of integral membrane proteins that form plaques over the apical surface of the urinary bladder, present when empty of urine
what vasculature runs along the corticomedullary junction
the arcuate arteries, veins
which artery leads to the afferent arteriole of the nephron
interlobular artery
which two capillary beds follow the efferent arteriole
the peritubular capillaries (convoluted tubules) and vasa recta (loop of henle)
what cell type has basal infoldings
proximal tubules
what type of molecule is renin
a proteolytic enzyme that convertes angiotensinogen to angiotensin I (leads to vasoconstricting cascade)
the layers of the medulla from the papilla upward
inner region of inner zone (IZ), outer region of IZ, inner band of the OZ, outer band of the OZ
what structures will one find in the IZ of the medulla
collecting tubules, capillaries, thin limbs of Henle, thick ASCENDING limbs
what structures will one find in the OZ of the medulla
all those found in IZ plus thick descending
which type of nephron has nearly no thin ascending limb
cortical nephrons (very short loops)
what is the order of arteries (and veins) stemming from the segmental art.(/seg. vein)
interlobular, arcuate, interlobular, afferent
Prostaglandin E
released by interstitial cells of the medulla to maintain renal circulation
what cell types can be found below all mucosal linings
lymph tissue
what feature distinguishes esophageal from ureter epithelium
esophageal is VACUOLATED, nonkeratinizing stratified squamous
