Urinary Flashcards
1) True or False: Extracellular fluid includes interstitial fluid, blood, and lymph.
TRUE
2) What is the most abundant waste product of metabolism?
carbon dioxide.
4) What is the process that normally exerts the greatest control over the water balance of an individual?
urinary excretion.
5) What body systems dispose of a type of waste directly to the environment?
digestive system, respiratory system, integumentary system, urinary system
6 ) The most toxic substances routinely found in the blood are metabolites of what type of molelcules?
proteins
7 ) What solutes would be voided from the vertebrate body under normal conditions?
nutrients, ammonia, urea, carbon dioxide
8 ) What is the subunit of a kidney that purifies blood and restores solute and water balance called?
nephron.
9 ) In the kidney, what do the collecting ducts from the nephrons empty immediately into?
renal pelvis.
10 ) What is the last portion of the excretory system through which urine passes before it is voided from the body?
urethra.
11 ) What is the functional unit of the kidney?
nephron.
12 ) Where does filtration of the blood in the kidney takes place?
glomerulus of Bowman’s capsule.
13 ) How is blood delivered to each nephron?
an afferent arteriole.
14 ) After the blood leaves the glomerular capillaries, it goes via the efferent arterioles to what kind of capillaries?
peritubular capillaries.
15 ) Filtration occurs in which section of a mammalian nephron?
glomerulus in the Bowman’s capsule
16 ) What is the process called during which potassium and hydrogen ions, penicillin, and some toxic substances are put into the urine by active transport?
tubular secretion.
18 ) Where do kidney stones form?
renal pelvis.
19 ) Which of the following substances is NOT filtered from the bloodstream?
Plasma proteins
20 ) What is the name given to the fluid removed from the blood but not yet processed by the nephron tubules?
glomerular filtrate
21 ) What is the process of filtration in the glomerulus driven by?
hydrostatic pressure.
22) Reabsorption is the movement of water and solutes from the __________ to the __________.
nephron tubules; capillaries
23 ) True or False: In reabsorption, nutrients and salts are selectively returned to the blood.
TRUE
24 ) What amount of the fluid removed from the blood is eventually returned to the blood?
greater than 98 percent
25 ) Most of the water and sodium is reabsorbed in the ____ of each nephron.
proximal tubule
26 ) The reabsorption of solutes is the result of active transport of what substance?
sodium.
27 ) Water reabsorption into the capillaries associated with a nephron is achieved principally by what processes?
active transport and diffusion.
28 ) During reabsorption, how do sodium ions cross the proximal tubule walls into the interstitial fluid?
active transport.
29 ) Which of the following is actively transported in the proximal tubules of the kidney?
Sodium ions
30 ) The longer this structure is, the greater is an animal’s capacity to conserve water and to concentrate solutes for excretion in the urine.
loop of Henle
31 ) Which of the following features would tend to promote water retention by the kidney?
A long loop of henle
32 ) How does a kidney machine removes solutes from the blood?
dialysis.
33 ) What is the hormone that influences sodium reabsorption in the kidney?
aldosterone.
34 ) What is the hormone that controls the concentration of urine?
antidiuretic hormone.
- Where does the hormonal control over excretion most likely occur?
distal tubule.
37 ) True or False: The antidiuretic hormone promotes processes that lead to a decrease in the volume of urine.
TRUE
38 ) In mammals, what structure governs both the thirst mechanism and the hormonal action that affects the amount of water and solutes excreted in the urine?
hypothalamus
39 ) When the body has excess sodium, what happens?
More sodium is excreted, Edema (swelling) occurs, Blood pressure rises, Aldosterone secretion is inhibited.
41 ) In humans, where is the thirst center located?
hypothalmus
42 ) What influences the pH of the blood and extracellular fluids?
respiration, blood proteins, bicarbonate ions, phosphate and ammonia ions
43 ) How does the urinary system help to maintain the extracellular fluid pH?
excreting hydrogen ions as water.
44 ) What is the normal pH of the extracellular fluid of the human body?
7.4
45 ) Hydrogen ions in the blood can be neutralized temporarily by what substance?
bicarbonate
46 ) What is the usual upper temperature limit before proteins are denatured?
41°C.
47 ) The rate of a chemical reaction is cut in half for a drop of every (degrees fahrenheit)?
10°F.
48 ) What are responses to low temperature that increase the chance for survival?
shivering, production of brown fat, pilomotor response, increased metabolism
49 ) Where is the primary thermostat of the body located?
hypothalamus.
50 ) What are some of the initial responses to cold temperature?
shivering, increased respiration, shunting of the blood to the core regions of the body, increased metabolism
51 ) What are the responses to heat stress?
reduction in muscle contraction, increased sweating, dilation of peripheral blood vessels, loss of salts and liquids.
54 ) What are the functions of the nephron?
filtration, excretion, reabsorption, secretion
55 ) What are the results of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion
water is reabsorbed in the distal tubule, fluid volume of blood increases, distal tubule and collecting duct become more permeable to water reabsorption, solute concentrations decrease in blood
56 ) What are some responses to cold temperatures?
vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels, uncontrolled muscular contraction, messages sent by the thermoreceptors to the hypothalamus, increased metabolic reactions
57 ) What are some responses of the body to heat?
increased sweating, decreased rate of muscle activity, increased water loss, dilation of peripheral blood vessels
58 ) What are some responses to the loss of body heat.
blood routed to deeper tissues, constriction of peripheral blood vessels, increased respiration, increased metabolic rates
59) List 5 things urinary chemical diagnostic tests can be used to measure.
Glucose, ketones, protein, leukocytes, nitrites
60) What are the two fluid compartments in humans?
ICF, ECF
62) List three components of the extracellular fluid.
Lymph, blood, tissue fluid
63) List three sources of water we consume.
drinking water, water in the food we ingest, metabolic reactions
64) List fours sources of water loss.
excreted in urine, evaporation from lungs/skin, sweat, feces
65) List five function of the kidney.
Remove waste, balance body fluids, release hormones, convert Vit D, reabsorb materials
Bowman’s capsule
B) Filtration removes a large amount of fluid and solutes from the blood driven by blood pressure
Proximal tubule
A) Reabsorption of water, glucose, most amino acids, some urea, most sodium and chloride ions
Loop of Henle
F) Sodium ions and water move into the interstitial space
Distal tubule
E) Absorption of hydrogen ions, potassium ions and urea.
Collecting duct
G) Urine is concentrated
70) What stays in blood after it is filtered by Bowman’s capsule?
plasma proteins
71) What is another name for micturition
urination
