CH 15 Flashcards
1) The word hormone comes from the Greek word meaning what?
set in motion.
2) How are most hormones distributed throughout the body?
blood system.
3) What is the primary purpose of the endocrine system?
maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
4) True or False: Target cells are equipped with specific receptor molecules and may occur in any part of the body.
TRUE
5) True or False: Although hormones are carried to all parts of the body, they produce effects only in cells with proper receptors.
TRUE
6) What is (are) the important feature of all cells that react to a specific hormone?
presence of an appropriate receptor molecule.
7) How are hormones and pheromones different?
pheromones act on targets outside the body.
8) True or False: The reason that some individual hormones have so many different effects is that there are a great many different cells in different tissues that have specific receptors for the hormone.
TRUE
9) Why do steroid hormones not require membrane receptors?
because they are lipid-soluble in the bilayer.
10) How do water-soluble hormones get to and effect cells?
Water-soluble hormones have to be transported by specific protein carrier molecules in the blood, find and react with the surface receptor molecules, sometimes elicit the production of a second messenger.
11) Which gland could be called the ?master gland? because of the extent of its effects on the body?
pituitary
12) What controls the pituitary gland?
hypothalamus.
13) True or False: The hypothalamus and pituitary link the activities of the endocrine system and nervous system by neurohormones being secreted in response to the summation of neural messages that enter the hypothalamus.
TRUE
14) True or False: The posterior pituitary gland only stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
True
15) If you were cast upon a desert island with no fresh water to drink, what hormone would increase in your bloodstream in an effort to conserve water?
antidiuretic hormone
16) What does the antidiuretic hormone do?
controls water balance, controls the concentration of urea in the urine, influences blood pressure, changes the permeability of the urine-conducting tubules so that the interstitial fluid increases.
17) Where does oxytocin have specific effects?
uterine wall.
18) The control over milk ?let down,? labor in childbirth, and water balance, is mediated by the __________ gland.
posterior pituitary
19) Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are products of what kind of cells?
neurosecretory cells.
20) A drop in blood volume would trigger the body to secrete what hormone?
antidiuretic hormones.
21) Where do the anterior pituitary secretions produce their effects?
on the gonads, in the thyroid glands, on adrenal glands, on mammary glands.
22) Where does ACTH have target cells?
in the adrenal cortex.
23) What is the pituitary hormone associated most directly with metabolic rate plus growth and development?
TSH.
24) True or False: The luteinizing hormone stimulates milk production.
FALSE
25) What does prolactin do?
stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk.
26) What is the growth hormone called?
somatotropin.
27) True or False: The secretion of each of the hormones from the anterior pituitary requires two capillary beds and the action of minute amounts of releasing hormones.
TRUE
28) Which hormone prepares and maintains the uterine lining for pregnancy?
both estrogen and progesterone.
29) What organ produces angiotensin?
kidneys.
30) The gonads are another name for what body parts?
ovary and testis.
31) What regulates blood glucose levels?
insulin, glucagon, and cortisol.
32) What is the hormone whose levels remain high when the body is suffering from inflammation and stress?
cortisol.
33) What is the only endocrine gland whose secretory function is under direct control by sympathetic nerves?
adrenal medulla.
34) The “fight-or-flight” response is enhanced by what secretions?
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
35) A goiter is an enlarged form of which gland?
thyroid
36) A goiter is caused by a deficiency in what substance?
iodine.
37) Synthetic thyroxine taken orally in the form of pills is the recommended treatment for what condition?
hypothyroidism.
38) Calcitonin acts in opposition to what hormone?
the parathyroid hormone.
39) If you eliminated all sources of calcium (dairy products, some vegetables) from your diet, the level of what hormone would rise in an attempt to supply calcium stored in your body to the tissues that need it?
parathyroid hormone
40) Do parathyroid hormones affect blood sugar levels?
No
41) A normal human individual has how many parathyroid glands?
4
42) True or False: The parathyroid gland produces only one type of hormone.
TRUE
43) What gland is both an exocrine and endocrine gland?
pancreas
44) Where is excess glucose converted into glycogen?
liver.
45) Specialized islet cells that secrete hormones are found scattered throughout what structure?
pancreas.
46) Glucagon is produced by what gland?
pancreas.
47) What does insulin directly affect?.
metabolism of sugar.
49) True or False: ?Type 1 diabetes? is thought to be an autoimmune disease.
TRUE
50) What is the hormone that is antagonistic in action to glucagon?
insulin.
52) The pancreatic secretions governing glucose levels are precisely controlled by what kind of interactions?
homeostatic feedback loops.
53) What is ?type 1 diabetes??
insulin is no longer produced by the pancreas.
54) What is a major risk factor for developing diabetes?
obesity
55) What are the characteristics of ?prediabetes??
?apple shaped? body, blood pressure of 130/85 mm Hg or higher, fasting glucose of 110 mg/Dl or higher, fasting triglyceride level of 150 mg/Dl or higher
56) Which gland is associated with biological clocks or biorhythms?
pineal
57) What gland promotes body immune response as its primary function?
thymus
58) What are pheromones used primarily for?
for arousing interest in a potential mate.
59) What do hormones do?
change conditions in target cells
60) What are hormones?
chemical messengers
61) How do hormones travel through the body?
bloodstream
62) What kinds of cells secrete hormones?
endocrine, some other systems cells (GI)
63) What is a target cell?
any cell that has receptors for the signaling molecule that may change its activities in response
66) List the four types of hormones.
steroid, amine, peptide, proteins
68) What kinds of hormones does a particular cell respond to?
any that it has receptors for
69) What does the hypothalamus do?
monitors internal organs and states related to their functioning
70) The pituitary gland is composed of two lobes. What are the names of these lobes and what do they each do?
Anterior - makes hormones, Posterior - stores and releases hormones from the hypothalmus
72) List three functions of growth hormone.
stimulate growth of cartilage, growth of bone, increase muscle mass
73) List two functions of the thyroid gland
set basal metabolic rate, enhance production of GH
74) List one function of the parathyroid gland.
regulate blood calcium levels
75) What two main types of hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?
glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids
76) What is one function of glucocorticoids?
raise blood level of glucose
77) Give an example of one mineralocorticoid and its function?
aldosterone - stimulate kidneys to reabsorb salt/water
