CH 14 Flashcards
1) What does a sensory system include?
a sensory receptor, nerve pathways from the receptor to the brain, and brain regions where the sensory information is processed.
2) What BEST defines a sensory receptor?
endings of sensory neurons
3) What BEST defines a stimulus?
energy that elicits a response
4) Which sense(s) utilizes mechanical energy?
sense of touch, muscle sense, sense of hearing, sense of balance
5) What are olfactory centers responsive to?
smell.
6) Nociceptors are involved with the detection of what?
pain.
7) The carotid body detects carbon dioxide in the blood and is, therefore, what kind of receptor?
chemoreceptor.
8) What is the major function of a receptor?
give organisms awareness and sensitivity to their environment.
9) The extent to which a particular sensation can be experienced is mainly due to what?
brain area devoted to interpretation.
10) True or False: A stimulus will generate impulses that are different depending on where the signals are sent in the brain.
FALSE
11) True or False: All organisms perceive their environments by the same sense organs.
FALSE
12) True or False: Differences in intensity of a stimulus are indicated by the number of nerves activated and are encoded in the frequency of action potentials on a single axon.
TRUE
13) True or False: Humans, as the most complex organisms, have all of the sensory organs found in lower forms.
FALSE
15) True or False: A loud sound can be distinguished from a soft whisper because more neurons depolarize and the frequency of depolarizing neurons increases.
TRUE
16) True or False: Sensory neurons do not follow the all-or-nothing law.
FALSE
17) The Pacinian corpuscle is used in detecting what sensation?
pressure.
18) True or False: All animals placed in the same environment will have the same awareness of it.
FALSE
21) True or False: According to the classification given by the authors, somatic senses are distributed in several locations over the body.
TRUE
22) Where are mechanoreceptors located?
internal organs, ski, joints, tendons.
23) True or False: The feeling of pressure on the skin is the result of bending of mechanoreceptors and constant stimulation.
TRUE
24) True or False: Increased depolarization of thermoreceptors is the result of increased temperatures.
TRUE
25) True or False: Pain is one of the special senses, the perception of injury, and dependent on interpretation by the brain.
FALSE
26) The pain produced in an internal organ may be perceived as occurring somewhere else. What is this called?
referred pain.
27) A stretch receptor is classified as what kind of receptor?
mechanoreceptor.
28) True or False: The knee-jerk reflex used by physicians to check nerve response is based on muscle spindles, stretch receptors, and spinal cord synapses.
TRUE
29) What kind of receptors are in the human nose ?
chemoreceptors.
30) Where are sense receptors for ?taste? located?
on the tongue, on the roof of the mouth., in the throat, on the palate.
32) Where is interpretation of smell accomplished?
by olfactory bulbs in the brain.
33) Functionally, what are the two most closely associated senses?
taste and smell.
34) What is the sense based on air vibrations?
hearing.
35) What kind of receptor is the organ of Corti ?
mechanoreceptor.
36) The principal place in the human ear where sound waves are amplified by means of the vibrations of tiny bones is where?
middle ear.
37) What is the place where vibrations are translated into patterns of nerve impulses?
organ of Corti.
38) Where is the organ of Corti located?
inner ear.
39) In hearing, what is the last place that pressure or sound waves pass through?
round window.
40) How many coiled and fluid-filled ducts are found in each cochlea?
3
41) What does the sense of hearing in vertebrates dependent on?
fluid displacement, hair bending, bone movement, membrane vibration.
42) What is the sense in which amplitude and frequency can be detected with some accuracy?
hearing.
43) The equalization of pressures between the ear and throat is made possible by what structure?
Eustachian tube.
44) Movable bones are features of the sense organs associated with what sense?
hearing.
45) Where are movable bones found in the sensory system?
middle ear.
46) What is the function of the organ of Corti?
It converts sound vibrations into impulses that enable hearing.
47) Hair cells are important in what sense(s)?
both equilibrium and hearing.
48) One?s equilibrium is sensed by what kind of receptor?
mechanoreceptor.
49) The sense of equilibrium, or balance, can detect what types of physical placement?
motion, acceleration, gravity, position.
50) What are the semicircular canals filled with?
filled with a liquid.
51) An otolith is one of the functional parts of what sense organ?
vestibular apparatus.
52) How many semicircular canals are in each organ of balance?
3
53) True or False: Motion sickness is the result of overstimulation of the hair cells in the vestibular apparatus and visual input, especially when it is monotonous, and also fear and anxiety.
TRUE
54) Eyes are what kind of receptors?
photoreceptors.
55) What is the layer of the eye where photoreceptors are located?
retina.
56) What is the adjustable ring of contractile and connective tissues that controls the amount of light entering the eye?
iris.
57) What is the white protective fibrous tissue of the eye, often called the white of the eye?
sclera.
58) What is the dark middle layer of the eye that prevents the scattering of light?
choroid.
59) True or False: Accommodation involves the ability to change the curvature of the cornea.
FALSE
60) What is the ciliary muscle?
a muscle that controls the shape of the lens to allow focusing.
61) True or False: If the ciliary muscle of the eye is damaged, then the amount of light entering the eye cannot be regulated.
FALSE
62) What is the outer transparent protective cover over the front of the eyeball called?
cornea.
63) What is the part of the eye that may be colored (e.g., brown, blue, green, or gray)?
iris.
64) Where are rods and cones located?
retina.
65) What kinds of light are cones sensitive to?
sensitive to red, green and blue light, relatively insensitive to dim light.
66) What is rhodopsin, a molecule, made of ?
protein and vitamin derivative.
67) Where is the highest concentration of cones?
fovea.
68) True or False: The fovea is the region of the retina filled with cones that allows the most acute vision.
TRUE
69) In the human eye, what provides the greatest visual acuity (the precise discrimination between adjacent points in space)?
photoreceptors in the fovea
70) True or False: In nearsightedness, the image is focused behind the retina.
FALSE
73) True or False: Scala tympani are parts of the inner ear.
TRUE
74) What are the three bones in the inner ear?
hammer, stirrup, anvil
75) Name the parts of the eye.
cornea, sclera, choroid, fovea, iris, lens, retina, ciliary muscle
76) What colors do the cone cells have pigments to receive?
red, blue, green
77) Can muscle be called a receptor?
No
78) List the six categories of sensory receptors.
Mechano, thermo, nociceptor, chemo, osmo, photo
79) Do electrical signals go from the central nervous system to sensory receptors, from sensory receptors to the CNS or both?
stimulus-nerve impulse-brain response (sensation or perception)
80) What effect does a stronger stimulation of a sensory receptor have on the action potentials of the afferent neuron?
Receptors fire nerve impulses more ofter and longer
81) What is sensory adaptation?
diminishing response to ongoing stimulus
82) Where are the receptors for somatic sensations located?
scattered through the body
83) What is referred pain?
pain that the brain can’t accurately identify the source
84) What is phantom pain?
projection of pain to a missing part
85) What are the five primary tastes?
bitter, salty, sweet, sour, umami
87) What is gustation? Olfaction?
gustation = taste, olfactory = smell
88) What is a potential evolutionary reason for bitter taste reception is very sensitive?
avoid poisons
89) Which of the six types of sensory receptors pick up sound waves?
mechano
