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Biol exam 3 > CH 14 > Flashcards

CH 14 Flashcards

1
Q

1) What does a sensory system include?

A

a sensory receptor, nerve pathways from the receptor to the brain, and brain regions where the sensory information is processed.

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2
Q

2) What BEST defines a sensory receptor?

A

endings of sensory neurons

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3
Q

3) What BEST defines a stimulus?

A

energy that elicits a response

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4
Q

4) Which sense(s) utilizes mechanical energy?

A

sense of touch, muscle sense, sense of hearing, sense of balance

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5
Q

5) What are olfactory centers responsive to?

A

smell.

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6
Q

6) Nociceptors are involved with the detection of what?

A

pain.

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7
Q

7) The carotid body detects carbon dioxide in the blood and is, therefore, what kind of receptor?

A

chemoreceptor.

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8
Q

8) What is the major function of a receptor?

A

give organisms awareness and sensitivity to their environment.

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9
Q

9) The extent to which a particular sensation can be experienced is mainly due to what?

A

brain area devoted to interpretation.

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10
Q

10) True or False: A stimulus will generate impulses that are different depending on where the signals are sent in the brain.

A

FALSE

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11
Q

11) True or False: All organisms perceive their environments by the same sense organs.

A

FALSE

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12
Q

12) True or False: Differences in intensity of a stimulus are indicated by the number of nerves activated and are encoded in the frequency of action potentials on a single axon.

A

TRUE

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13
Q

13) True or False: Humans, as the most complex organisms, have all of the sensory organs found in lower forms.

A

FALSE

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14
Q

15) True or False: A loud sound can be distinguished from a soft whisper because more neurons depolarize and the frequency of depolarizing neurons increases.

A

TRUE

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15
Q

16) True or False: Sensory neurons do not follow the all-or-nothing law.

A

FALSE

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16
Q

17) The Pacinian corpuscle is used in detecting what sensation?

A

pressure.

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17
Q

18) True or False: All animals placed in the same environment will have the same awareness of it.

A

FALSE

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18
Q

21) True or False: According to the classification given by the authors, somatic senses are distributed in several locations over the body.

A

TRUE

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19
Q

22) Where are mechanoreceptors located?

A

internal organs, ski, joints, tendons.

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20
Q

23) True or False: The feeling of pressure on the skin is the result of bending of mechanoreceptors and constant stimulation.

A

TRUE

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21
Q

24) True or False: Increased depolarization of thermoreceptors is the result of increased temperatures.

A

TRUE

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22
Q

25) True or False: Pain is one of the special senses, the perception of injury, and dependent on interpretation by the brain.

A

FALSE

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23
Q

26) The pain produced in an internal organ may be perceived as occurring somewhere else. What is this called?

A

referred pain.

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24
Q

27) A stretch receptor is classified as what kind of receptor?

A

mechanoreceptor.

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25
Q

28) True or False: The knee-jerk reflex used by physicians to check nerve response is based on muscle spindles, stretch receptors, and spinal cord synapses.

A

TRUE

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26
Q

29) What kind of receptors are in the human nose ?

A

chemoreceptors.

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27
Q

30) Where are sense receptors for ?taste? located?

A

on the tongue, on the roof of the mouth., in the throat, on the palate.

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28
Q

32) Where is interpretation of smell accomplished?

A

by olfactory bulbs in the brain.

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29
Q

33) Functionally, what are the two most closely associated senses?

A

taste and smell.

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30
Q

34) What is the sense based on air vibrations?

A

hearing.

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31
Q

35) What kind of receptor is the organ of Corti ?

A

mechanoreceptor.

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32
Q

36) The principal place in the human ear where sound waves are amplified by means of the vibrations of tiny bones is where?

A

middle ear.

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33
Q

37) What is the place where vibrations are translated into patterns of nerve impulses?

A

organ of Corti.

34
Q

38) Where is the organ of Corti located?

A

inner ear.

35
Q

39) In hearing, what is the last place that pressure or sound waves pass through?

A

round window.

36
Q

40) How many coiled and fluid-filled ducts are found in each cochlea?

A

3

37
Q

41) What does the sense of hearing in vertebrates dependent on?

A

fluid displacement, hair bending, bone movement, membrane vibration.

38
Q

42) What is the sense in which amplitude and frequency can be detected with some accuracy?

A

hearing.

39
Q

43) The equalization of pressures between the ear and throat is made possible by what structure?

A

Eustachian tube.

40
Q

44) Movable bones are features of the sense organs associated with what sense?

A

hearing.

41
Q

45) Where are movable bones found in the sensory system?

A

middle ear.

42
Q

46) What is the function of the organ of Corti?

A

It converts sound vibrations into impulses that enable hearing.

43
Q

47) Hair cells are important in what sense(s)?

A

both equilibrium and hearing.

44
Q

48) One?s equilibrium is sensed by what kind of receptor?

A

mechanoreceptor.

45
Q

49) The sense of equilibrium, or balance, can detect what types of physical placement?

A

motion, acceleration, gravity, position.

46
Q

50) What are the semicircular canals filled with?

A

filled with a liquid.

47
Q

51) An otolith is one of the functional parts of what sense organ?

A

vestibular apparatus.

48
Q

52) How many semicircular canals are in each organ of balance?

A

3

49
Q

53) True or False: Motion sickness is the result of overstimulation of the hair cells in the vestibular apparatus and visual input, especially when it is monotonous, and also fear and anxiety.

A

TRUE

50
Q

54) Eyes are what kind of receptors?

A

photoreceptors.

51
Q

55) What is the layer of the eye where photoreceptors are located?

A

retina.

52
Q

56) What is the adjustable ring of contractile and connective tissues that controls the amount of light entering the eye?

A

iris.

53
Q

57) What is the white protective fibrous tissue of the eye, often called the white of the eye?

A

sclera.

54
Q

58) What is the dark middle layer of the eye that prevents the scattering of light?

A

choroid.

55
Q

59) True or False: Accommodation involves the ability to change the curvature of the cornea.

A

FALSE

56
Q

60) What is the ciliary muscle?

A

a muscle that controls the shape of the lens to allow focusing.

57
Q

61) True or False: If the ciliary muscle of the eye is damaged, then the amount of light entering the eye cannot be regulated.

A

FALSE

58
Q

62) What is the outer transparent protective cover over the front of the eyeball called?

A

cornea.

59
Q

63) What is the part of the eye that may be colored (e.g., brown, blue, green, or gray)?

A

iris.

60
Q

64) Where are rods and cones located?

A

retina.

61
Q

65) What kinds of light are cones sensitive to?

A

sensitive to red, green and blue light, relatively insensitive to dim light.

62
Q

66) What is rhodopsin, a molecule, made of ?

A

protein and vitamin derivative.

63
Q

67) Where is the highest concentration of cones?

A

fovea.

64
Q

68) True or False: The fovea is the region of the retina filled with cones that allows the most acute vision.

A

TRUE

65
Q

69) In the human eye, what provides the greatest visual acuity (the precise discrimination between adjacent points in space)?

A

photoreceptors in the fovea

66
Q

70) True or False: In nearsightedness, the image is focused behind the retina.

A

FALSE

67
Q

73) True or False: Scala tympani are parts of the inner ear.

A

TRUE

68
Q

74) What are the three bones in the inner ear?

A

hammer, stirrup, anvil

69
Q

75) Name the parts of the eye.

A

cornea, sclera, choroid, fovea, iris, lens, retina, ciliary muscle

70
Q

76) What colors do the cone cells have pigments to receive?

A

red, blue, green

71
Q

77) Can muscle be called a receptor?

A

No

72
Q

78) List the six categories of sensory receptors.

A

Mechano, thermo, nociceptor, chemo, osmo, photo

73
Q

79) Do electrical signals go from the central nervous system to sensory receptors, from sensory receptors to the CNS or both?

A

stimulus-nerve impulse-brain response (sensation or perception)

74
Q

80) What effect does a stronger stimulation of a sensory receptor have on the action potentials of the afferent neuron?

A

Receptors fire nerve impulses more ofter and longer

75
Q

81) What is sensory adaptation?

A

diminishing response to ongoing stimulus

76
Q

82) Where are the receptors for somatic sensations located?

A

scattered through the body

77
Q

83) What is referred pain?

A

pain that the brain can’t accurately identify the source

78
Q

84) What is phantom pain?

A

projection of pain to a missing part

79
Q

85) What are the five primary tastes?

A

bitter, salty, sweet, sour, umami

80
Q

87) What is gustation? Olfaction?

A

gustation = taste, olfactory = smell

81
Q

88) What is a potential evolutionary reason for bitter taste reception is very sensitive?

A

avoid poisons

82
Q

89) Which of the six types of sensory receptors pick up sound waves?

A

mechano

Biol exam 3 (6 decks)

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