Urinary Flashcards
Where is the urine stored and eliminated?
The bladder
What does the urinary system consists of?
2 kidneys
2 ureters
The urinary bladder
The urethra
What does the ureters do?
Conduct urine from kidneys to the bladder.
What is the indentation called where the vessels enter and leave the kidneys?
Hilum.
Where is the kidney located?
It lies dorsal to the parietal peritoneum and it’s described as retroperitoneal.
What is a nephron?
The glomerulus, the epithelial structure around it called bowman’s capsule, the renal tubule & all associated blood vessels.
What are the layers of bowman’s capsule?
Inner layer- podocytes on capillary
Outer layer- parietal layer of bowman’s capsule.
At what point is the glomerule filtrate considered urine?
Once it leaves the distal convoluted tubule and makes it’s way to the collecting duct.
What are the tissues that surround the kidney?
Renal capsule- connective tissue immediately around the kidney
Adipose capsule- fat with in
Renal fascia- loose connective tissue
Describe the three processes in the formation of urine
- glomerular filtration (seperation of soluble wastes from blood)
- tubular reabsorption; fluid enters renal tubule of nephron then modified and necessary molecules from filtrate are returned to blood
- tubular secretion; release of ions and medication from cells of tubule that have been concentrated and must be eliminated.
What does urine contain?
Nitrogenous wastes; Urea Creatine phosphate Uric acid DNA waste (adenine & guanine)
What happens if Uric acid is high?
They can crystallize in kidneys causing kidney stones (calculi) and in synovial fluid causing tophi (symptom of gout)
Is the specific gravity in diabetes high or low in
- diabetes insipidus
- diabetes mellitus
- Low
- high
What is excess volume of urine
Poly uria
How much is the daily urine output?
800-1200mL
The specific gravity of urine is based on what?
How much solute is in the urine and the ability of kidneys to concentrate wastes
Which diabetes is insulin dependent?
Diabetes mellitus type 1
Characteristics of mellitus type 2?
- insulin levels can be either high or low
- normal or high insulin resistance (not enough transporters, receptors, too much fat)
- they take insulin be pancreas in worn ???? Google this
- reversible
Functions of kidneys
- filter soluble wastes from blood
- kidneys concentrate wastes
- kidneys regulate fluid balance
- ureters, bladder and urethra eliminate wasted physically
- kidneys produce renin
- formation of epo
- convert vitamin d to more active form
- regulated electrolyte balance
What are the two ranges of the specific gravity or density of urine
- 003 - 1.030
1. 015 - 1.025
What is it called to have low blood glucose?
Hypoglycemic
Describe the Renin Angiotensin aldosterone System
When blood volume is low, blood pressure is low, sodium is low and potassium is high. That triggers RAAS. The kidneys (juxtaglomerular cells) release renin and turn angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1. Then with ACE ( which is made by the macrophages of the lungs) turns angiotensin 1 to a more potent angiotensin 2. Angiotensin 2 circulates to adrenal cortext to release aldosterone ( a mineral corticiod) kidneys respond by reabsorbing sodium and h2o. This then raises blood pressure, blood volume, and sodium and lowers potassium.
What are the characteristics of the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System
-retain fluids and maintain blood pressure
Where is insulin from?
Beta cells of islets of langerhans (secreted from pancreas)
What relseases ADH
Post pituitary
What is the ph of urine
6.0
What is oliguria?
Low urine output of about <500 ml/ day
What is the term for no urine output a day?
Anuria
What is the normal secretory blood glucose levels?
60-100 mg/dL
A level of 125 mg/dL indicates what?
Diabetes mellitus
What is the renal threshold of blood glucose?
160 - 180 mg/dL
What are the functions of ADH?
- ADH inhibits urine production
- helps us to maintain intravascular fluid volume
How does ADH work?
When blood pressure and blood volume is low this is sensed at the hypothalamus which produces ADH, then the posterior pituitary releases ADH. This triggers tubular reabsorption of h2o which increase blood volume and blood pressure.
What makes the renal corpuscle?
The glomerulus and the bowman’s capsule.
What lies between the afferent arteriole and the efferent arteriole?
The glomerulus.
What do the peritubular capillaries stem from?
The efferent arteriole.
What is the glomerulus
A ball of capillaries formed from an afferent arteriole.
Describe the internal anatomy of a kidney.
- renal cortex (most outer layer of the kidney.
- medulla is divided into pyramids which are separated by columns (which is an extension of the cortex) the renal papilla empties urine into the minor calyx which turns into the major calyx then turns into the renal pelvis which is located in the cavity called the renal sinus
What cells make the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
It’s formed by modified distal tubule cells called macula densa, and modified medial cells of afferent arteriole called JG cells
What happens if there is a build up of ketones
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Name two pathways in which glucose is broken down
Glycogenolysis (glycogen is broken down to glucose) & glycolysis (splitting sugars)
What is excessive drinking called?
Polydipsia
What is conn’s syndrome
It is a disease involving the excess production of aldosterone causing increased levels of sodium and water leading to hypertension and hyperhydration
How does atrial natriuretic peptide work?
High fluid volume and around the heart causes the atrial muscles to produce ANP which triggers kidneys to release sodium and h2o into urine decreasing blood pressure and blood volume.
ANP is released in response to what?
Congestive heart failure
Function of the papillary duct
To deliver urine to minor calyx
Function of the proximal convoluted tubule
Reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients
Function of the renal corpuscle
Production of filtrate
In the loop of henle what does the descending limb do and what does the ascending limb do?
The descending limb further absorbs more water and the ascending limb further absorbs both sodium and chloride ions.
What are the functions of the distal convoluted tubule
The secretion of ions, acids, drugs and toxins also variable reabsorption of water sodium and calcium ions
Functions of the connecting tubules and collections duct
Variable reabsorption of water and reabsorption or secretion of sodium potassium. hydrogen, and bicarbonate ions.
Why is the urethra longer in men then in women?
Because it is also a part of the reproductive system in males
Why are women more susceptible to urinary tract infections than in men?
Because men have longer urethras so women’s bladders are closer to the outside.
What’s is a dropped kidney referred to?
Renal ptosis
Renal ptosis can lead to the back pressure of fluids that damage nephrons. This is referred to as what?
Hydronephrosis
What is the normal color of urine and what are two pigments that can be found in Irvine due to liver failure
Urine is a pale, straw like yellow. Bilirubin pigments the urine red and biliverdin pigments the urine green.
What is the random specimen of urine and the 24hr specimen.
Random is 4.8 -8.0
24 hour is 6.0
What is the diabetes insipidus
Lack or reabsorption of water causing polydipsea and polyurea
How does insulin work?
Insulin works by decreasing the formation and use of GLUTS (Glucose transporter) at cell membranes
What is uremia
(Urea in the blood) one of the last stages of kidney failure
What is azotemia?
(Nitrogen in the blood) when kidneys can’t efficiently get rid of blood urea nitrogen and Creatine.
What is acidosis and alkalosis
Acidosis the a condition with too much acids in the body fluid and alkalosis is the condition with to much base.
What is it called when there are high amounts of glucose in the urine that can be detected?
Glycosuria
Glycosuria is present In which type of diabetes
Diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes
How much percent of women experience gestational diabetes?
1-3%
What happens in gestational diabetes
The mothers insulin sensitivity is reduced resulting in glycosuria and hyperglycemia.
What’s is the increased urination due to the high concentration of glucose in the renal tubules
Osmotic diuresis
