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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

0
Q

What is the process when you break down food and what are the two ways you can break those foods down?

A

The process is digestion and you can do it mechanically or chemically.

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1
Q

What is the process calling when you take in food?

A

Ingestion

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2
Q

What happens in the absorption process

A

Nutrients are transferred from digestive tract to blood.

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3
Q

Name other functions of the digestive system.

A

The production of lymphocytes, antibodies and immune cells. The digestive tract also produces neurotransmitters and hormones such as -CCK, leptin and secretin.

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4
Q

What are the accessory organs and what are their role in the digestive system.

A

The accessory organs are the pancreas, liver and salivary glands and they produce other secretions need.

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5
Q

The digestive tract stretches from where to where?

A

The oral cavity to the anus.

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6
Q

What are the layers of the small intestine?

A
  • Simple columnar epithelium (mucosa)
  • Submucosa (connective tissue where some lymph nodes are found)
  • muscularis (2 layers of smooth muscle
  • serous membrane (serosa)
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7
Q

What is peristalsis and which layer conducts it?

A

Peristalsis are a series of muscle contractions that occur in your digestive tract. It is conducted by the two layers of muscularis. The inner circular part conducts the pinching movement, and the outer longitudinal layer pulls the food down.

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8
Q

What increases the surface area of the small intestine

A

Micro villi

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9
Q

What parts of the mouth and oral cavity is included in the digestive system?

A

Teeth, gums (gingivae), openings on the ducts from salivary glands, tongue.

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10
Q

What are the 3 sets of salivary glands.

A

Parotids, submandibular, and sublingual

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11
Q

What is The viral infection of salivary and other glands.

A

Mumps

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12
Q

What happens in infectious parotitis

A

The inflammation of on or two of the largest glands, the parotids (locating on the cheeks)

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13
Q

What is the process when you transfer nutrients from digestive tract to blood

A

Absorption.

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14
Q

What are the three sets of teeth and what are their functions

A

The incisors are used to bite off a piece of food
The canines are used to shred food
And the premolars and molars are used to crush and grind it.

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15
Q

What is the enzyme that acts on starch and breaks it down to dissarcharides (mainly maltose)

A

Salivary amylase (ptyalin)

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16
Q

What are the main organic chemicals

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

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17
Q

What part of the system does the most digestion occur?

A

In the duodenum of the small intestine

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18
Q

Which sphincter lies between the stomach and esophagus?

A

Cardiac sphincter or lower esophageal sphincter, LES

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19
Q

What is the biggest part of the stomach

A

The corpus

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20
Q

Where is the pyloric sphincter located?

A

Between the stomach and the duodenum.

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21
Q

What is the cardia

A

Region of stomach around the sphincter

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22
Q

What is a bolus

A

Semi soft mass of partly digested food that leaves the oral cavity

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23
Q

How does the stomach mechanically digest food and how does it chemically digest food

A

It mechanically digest food by churning and mixing food and it digests it chemically by secreting gastric juice.

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24
Q

What is deglutition

A

The technical term for swallowing

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25
Q

What does gastric juice contain

A

H2o, electrolytes, hydrochloric acid

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26
Q

What do parietal cells of the stomach secrete

A

Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

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27
Q

What does intrinsic factor do?

A

It helps our body absorb vitamin b 12 in the ileum.

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28
Q

A deficiency in intrinsic factor leads to what?

A

pernicious anemia

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29
Q

A person with pernicious anemia will normally have what deficiency and why

A

That person will normally have a low HCL production because both HCL and intrinsic factor that helps the body absorb vitamin b12 are secreted by the parietal cells.

30
Q

What are the main macromolecules and what are they broken down to

A
  • Carbohydrates (monosaccharides (simple sugars) disaccharides (double sugars) polysaccharides (long chains)
  • protein (polymers of amino acids) amino acids, polypeptide, protein
  • lipids (fats, oils, wastes) tryglyceroles , glycerol and 3 fatty acids
  • nucleic acids- DNA RNA
31
Q

When does food become a bolus and when does it become chyme.

A

As food leaves the oral cavity it is a bolus as it passes through the pyloric sphincter it is chyme.

32
Q

What produces bile and what stores it?

A

The liver produces bile and the gallbladder stores it.

33
Q

What is gastro esophageal reflex disease

A

GERD is a digestive disorder that affects the LES. The LES is weak or relaxes inappropriately allowing the stomachs contents to flow up into the esophagus.

34
Q

What is lingual lipase where is it secreted and where is it active?

A

Lingual lipase is a digestive enzyme that is secreted from the lingual glands and it is active once it reaches the stomach.

35
Q

Through what does pancreatic juice enter the duodenum?

A

Through the ampulla of vater (pancreaticoduodinal ampulla)

36
Q

The small intestine makes it’s own intentional juice and gets secretions from what other organs through which ducts?

A

From the pancreas through the pancreatic duct from the liver and gull bladder through bile duct

37
Q

HCL helps convert what into what?

A

Pepsinogen into pepsin.

38
Q

Protein is broken down to what with the help of what enzyme?

A

It’s broken down to peptones, proteoses, and polypeptides with the help of pepsin

39
Q

Rennin with calcium and HCL converts milk protein to what?

A

Calcium paracaseinate

40
Q

Does the pancreas has more endocrine tissues or exocrine?

A

Exocrine.

41
Q

What are the endocrine cells of the islets of langerhans and what do they secret?

A

The alpha cells secrete glucagon, the beta cells secrete insulin and the delta cells secrete gomatostatin

42
Q

What is the relationship between somatostatin and the other hormones produced at the islets of langerhans tissue.

A

Somatostatin blocks the secretions of both insulin and glucagon.

43
Q

What regulates when bile and pancreatic juice enter the intestines?

A

The sphincter of Oddi

44
Q

What are the exocrine tissues of the pancreas

A

Acinar tissues

45
Q

What breaks down starch?

A

Amalyses

46
Q

What are tryglyceroles broken down to and with what enzyme?

A

It is broken down to glycerol and three fatty acids with lipase.

47
Q

What happens to tryglyceroles after they are broken down

A

Some are absorbed into the blood and some are absorbed by lacteals.

48
Q

What is a cholecystectomy?

A

The removal of the gall bladder

49
Q

What is the inflammation of the gallbladder

A

Cholecystitis

50
Q

What is bile composed of

A

Pigments from hemoglobin and salts

51
Q

Which lipoproteins are more dangerous

A

Low density lipoproteins

52
Q

Where is red blood cells broken down

A

Primarily the spleen and then the liver

53
Q

What is atherosclerosis and what does it cause

A

It is a fatty plaque in the arteries due to low density lipoproteins and it can cause coronary artery disease leading to myocardial infraction

54
Q

A patient with hemolytic anemia will have which type of Bili

A

Indirect Bili (unconjugated)

55
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins, what are they needed for and where can they be found

A

A- needed for visual pigments. They can be found in carrots, squash, anything keratin rich
D- needed for bones teeth (calcification and needed to absorb calcium in intestine) it’s in dairy products
K- needed for clotting factors, it’s the anticoagulant that inhibits Coumadin. It’s found in green leafy vegetables
E- needed for cell, membranes, nerve and muscle function, rbc formation in newborns. You can find in wheat germ, cereal

56
Q

Which vitamins are antioxidants

A

A, D & E

57
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins, what are they needed for and where can they be found

A

B- we need them because they are co-enzymes in metabolic reactions NAD & FAD
C- it’s an ascorbic acids needed to treat scurvy, all so collagen formation. We get it’s from citric foods & spinach

58
Q

What is gastrin needed for

A

It stimulates the stomach to secrete HCL for protein break down

59
Q

What are the functions of cholecystokinin

A
  • stimulates smooth muscle of gallbladder causing contractions and release if bile
  • relaxes sphincter of Oddi
  • decreases gastric motility
  • inhibits appetite
  • stimulates release of enzyme rich pancreatic juice
60
Q

What stimulates the release of pancreatic juice

A

Secretin

61
Q

What hormones regulate appetite

A

Ghrelin and leptin

62
Q

What enzyme does saliva contain and where else can this be found.

A

Lysozyme. It can be found in tears.

63
Q

What part of the digestive tract conducts the most absorption ?

A

The ileum.

64
Q

Name the three disaccharidases of intestinal juice, the disaccharides they break Down and the product.

A

Maltase breaks down maltose into two glucose
Sucrase breaks down sucrose into one glucose and one fructose
Lactase breaks down lactose into one glucose and one galactose

65
Q

What are five functions of the liver?

A
  • carbohydrate metabolism
  • lipid metabolism
  • synthesis of many blood proteins
  • production of bilerubin, salts & lipids
  • conjugation of free indirect bili
  • synthesis & conversion of some sex steroid hormones
  • partial activation of vit d
  • removal of certain toxins such ass DDT
  • metabolizing drugs & detoxifying body of alcohol.
  • storage of fat soluble vitamins
66
Q

What is the inactive hormone that is a form of vitamin d and is in our skin

A

Ergosterol

67
Q

What enzyme activates trypsinogen to trypsin

A

Enterokinase

68
Q

Trypsin activates what to what

A

Chymotrypsinogen to dymotrypsin

And procarboxypolypeptidase carboxypolypeptidase

69
Q

RNA and DNA is broken down by what enzymes into what

A

RNase DNase breaks them into pentode sugars and nitrogenous bases.

70
Q

Which sphincter separates the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine

A

Ileocecal sphincter

71
Q

Name some functions of the large intestine

A

Absorption of water and electrolytes, concentration of solid waste, decomposition of bilirubin to urobilinogen, elimination of solid wasted via defecation reflex.

72
Q

The digestive secretions of the pancreas are endocrine or exocrine?

A

Exocrine.

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (3 decks)

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