Urinary

Question 1

How is controlled the uretheral motility?

Answer 1

It has its own peristatltism in normal conditions, but in obstruction situations, it is controlled by SNs:
- Alfa: contraction
- Beta: relaxation

Question 1

In which percentage of cases the medical treatment for obstructive uretheroliths is effective?

Answer 1

10% (study of 2023: 30% in cats)

Question 2

Which bacteria are responsible of estruvite uroliths?

Answer 2

Urease-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Proteus, Corynebacterium and Mycoplasma)

Question 3

Which are the interventionism procedures for uretheral diseases?

Answer 3

• Stent: dog (retrograde) and cat (anterograde)
• SUB: dog and cat (one of the preferred options in cats)
• Lithotripsy: only dogs

Question 4

What is a circumcaval ureter?

Answer 4

Is a congenital anomaly characterized by a ventral displacement of the cava vein, crossing over the ureter resulting in compression

Question 5

Which is the most common primary uretheral neoplasia in dogs?

Answer 5

Fibroepithelial polyp

Question 6

Which is the most common cause of urether obstruction in cats?

Answer 6

Uretheroliths (75%) > stricture > pyonephrosis

**30% response to medical tt

Question 7

Which are the most common used drugs for overactive bladder?

Answer 7

Antimuscarínic agents (oxybutinin, imipramine)

Question 8

Which is the etiopathogeny of a detrusor atony?

Answer 8

1. Sacral spinal cord or pelvic nerve damage
2. Direct damage to the detrusor muscle

Question 9

Which is the difference between diazepam, tamsulosin and prazosin for detrusor urethral dyssinergy?

Answer 9

• Diazepam: external sphincter
• Tamsulosine: internal sphicnter
• Prazosin: internal and external sphicnter

Question 10

Which are the most common causes of urinary incontinence in dogs and cats?

Answer 10

• Dogs:
  —- Ectopic urether
  —- USMI
• Cats:
  —- Neurologic (spinal diseases) <– worst prognosis
  —- Urethral obstruction

Question 11

Which is the etiopathogenesis of CIF?

Answer 11

Neurogenic etiology:
- Changes in sensorial function: increase in P substance and increase in NK1 receptor
- Abnormalities in dorsal ganglion root
- Abnormalities in the “stress response system” <– activated by:
—- Peripherally/local factors: inflammation/infection
—- Central factors: environmental menace
–> activation of SNs –> increase in permeability –> inflammation (acute –> if persistent: chronic)

Question 12

Of the cats with FIC, which is the prevalence of cats that mantain a chronic FIC and which is the prevalence of relapses?

Answer 12

• 15% of cats with CIF can mantain a chronic FIC
• 40-50% of cats with FIC can have relapses in 1-2y

Question 13

In which percentage of dogs with ectopic ureters urinary incontinence persists despite surgery?

Answer 13

~50%

Question 14

Which is the ethiology of urethritis?

Answer 14

• 1ary:
  —- Proliferative:
  ——– 2ary to chronic bacterial infection
  ——– Immunomediated
  —- Granulomatous
  —- Lymphoplasmocytic
• 2ary

Question 15

Which breed is most affected to prostatic disorders?

Answer 15

Scottish Terrier

Question 16

Which are the differents drugs used in a beningn prostatic hyperplasia?

Answer 16

• Used for dx:
  —- Ypozane: osaterone acetat (blocks transport of testosterona to the prostate)
  —- Medroxyprogesterone acetate
  —- Deslorelin
• Used for tt:
  —- Finasteride: block the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (5 alfa reductase inhibitor)

Question 17

Which prevalence of dogs with prostatic neoplasia have methastases at diagnosis?

Answer 17

80%

Question 18

In which situations treatment for subclinical bacteriuria can be considered?

Answer 18

• Infection with Corynebacterium –> can cause encruisting cystitis
• Infection with urease positive bacteria –> can cause struvite crystals/urolithiasis
• If it is thought that the bacteriuria is the origin of the problem in other site (pyelonephritis, systemic infection, etc)

Question 19

Which is the definition of a sporadic bacterial cystitis?

Answer 19

Presence of a urinary tract infection (with sediment +/- culture) in an animal with LUT signs, that follow the next guides:
- Health female or neutered male (in a entire male, prostatits should be considered)
- Non anatomic/estructural disease in the urinary bladder
- <3 episodes in 12m or <3m between episodes

Question 20

Which potential preventive therapies for recurrent UTIs can be considered?

Answer 20

• Low doses ab at long term
• No ab use:
  —- Antiadherence:
  ——– D mannose
  ——– Cranberry extract
  ——– GAG
  —- Bacterial interference:
  ——– Probiotics
  ——– Intra vesical e Coli

Question 21

Which is the percentage of exit of struvite medical dissolution?

Answer 21

60%

Question 22

Which uroliths can first be managed medially to avoid a surgery?

Answer 22

Struvite, cystine, urate (hereditary, no due to hepatic diseases) and xantine secondary to allopurinol

Question 23

Which other aa deficiencies can be presented in a cat with cystine uroliths?

Answer 23

• Cystin
• Ornithine
• Lysine
• Arginine
  (due to COLA deficiency)

Question 24

Which causes can produce dicolorated urine?

Answer 24

• Yellow:
  —- normal
  —- concentrated
  —- bilirrubin
  —- other: phenol red
• Pink/Red/Brown/Black:
  —- hematuria, hemoglobinuria, mioglobinuria, metahemoglobinuria
  —- congo red, ryphampicin, doxorrubicin, phenol red, melanin
• Blue:
  —- methylene blue
  —- mitoxantrone
• Green:
  —- biliverdin, urate crystals
  —- methylene blue
• White:
  —- pyuria, lipiduria, crystals