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Pathology > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

Which animals have a multilobar kidney?

A

Cow
Pig
Marine mammals

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2
Q

Which animals have a unilobar kidney?

A

Carnivores
Small ruminants
Horses

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3
Q

How much of cardiac output, body’s o2 needs go to the kidneys?

A

25% of CO
10% of body O2

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4
Q

What are the roles of the kidneys?

A

-Regulation of electrolytes
-conservation of water
-Acid-base regulation
-excretion of waste
-endocrine roles (EPO)

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5
Q

What should the normal cortex : medulla ratio be?

A

2:1 / 3:1

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6
Q

On a radiograph which kidney is more cranial + can be hidden behind the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Right Kidney

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7
Q

If nephrons are lost what happens to the tubules?

A

Compensatory hypertrophy - but limited capacity
If exceeded = renal failure

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8
Q

What are the 4 different types of congenital/ inherited diseases of the urinary system?

A

1.Ectopic - in abnormal location (fused horse-shoe kidneys can be fully
functional)
2.Dysplasia - other kidney = compensatory hypertrophy
3.Familial renal disease = chronic renal failure in <2y/o dogs
4. Cystic renal disease = polycystic kidneys - persian cats/bull terriers

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9
Q

What can induce dysplasia?

A

viral infections in utero - canine herpes virus, feline panleukopenia, BVD

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10
Q

How does polycystic kidneys cause damage?

A

blocked tubules = filtrate build-up = pressure = atrophy of renal tissue

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of circulatory diseases?

A

1.Haemorrhage - trauma, septicaemia, DIC
2.Infarction - 2* to vascular occlusion by embolus
3.Cortical ischaemia - i). Acute tubular necrosis
ii). Renal cortical necrosis

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12
Q

What are examples of traumatic injuries?

A

RTA
Dog bite trauma - cat kidney attacked

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13
Q

What does the kidney look like grossly with infarction?

A

wedge shaped pale tan sunken tissue

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14
Q

What does haemoglobin/myoglobin in the filtrate cause?

A

Acute tubular necrosis - causes copper toxicity in sheep

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15
Q

What are the degenerative diseases of the urinary system? (3)

A

1.Amyloidosis
2.Hydronephrosis - due to partially obstructed blood flow
3.Hypercalcaemic nephropathy - 2* to hypercalcaemia

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16
Q

What does histology of amyloidosis look like?
What stain picks up amyloid?

A

loss of structure + flattened (pressure)
high protein due to beta-pleated sheets of amyloid
Congo red stain

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17
Q

Causes of hydronephrosis?

A

Congenital ureteral anomalies
Calculi
lower urinary tract inflammation
Neoplasia
bladder paralysis

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18
Q

What are the causes of hypercalcaemic nephropathy?

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome
hypervitaminosis D
increased PTH
hypoadrenocorticism
osteolysis
CRF

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19
Q

What stain picks up Ca2+?

A

Von kossa

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20
Q

What are the 3 infectious/inflammatory urinary tract diseases?

A

1.Glomerulonephritis - immune mediated damage(hypersensititvity iii)
2.Tubulointerstitial nephritis
3.Pyelonephritis

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21
Q

What causes the different types of tubulointerstitial nephritis?

A

-Suppurative interstitial nephritis - E.coli - (‘white spot kidney’ - cattle)
-Granulomatous interstitial nephritis - FIP (cats), Mycobacteria (cattle)

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22
Q

What is the Parasite that affect the urinary system?

A

Toxocara Canis - larvae = granulomatous nephritis

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23
Q

Why are kidneys prone to toxic injury?

A

high exposure and sensitivity

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24
Q

What are examples of toxins that affect the kidneys?

A

*Oxalates - ethylene glycol poisoning
*Mycotoxins
*Heavy metals (Hg, Pb, arsenic)
*Antibiotics (aminoglycosides, monesin, tetracyclines)
*Endogenous pigments (haemoglobin, myoglobin)
*Enterotoxaemia - C. Perfringes
*grapes/raisins in dogs

25
Q

What do the kidneys look like in ethylene glycol poisoning?

A

Red + swollen

26
Q

What sheep are more prone to pulpy kidneys disease?

A

aged 3-10weeks with sudden change in diet

27
Q

What toxin causes pulpy kidney disease?

A

Clostridium Perfringens type D
Epsilon toxin

28
Q

What does pulpy kidney look like?

A

Soft + mushy
mutifocal to coalescing

29
Q

What does epsilon toxin cause?

A

*decreased intestinal motility
*allows uptake to circulation via portal capillaries
*damage to epithelium = oedema + haemorrhage
*damage to kidney tubular epithelium = ATN

30
Q

What is the congenital disease of the lower urinary tract (LUT)?

A

Ectopic ureters => chronic urinary incompetence
=> Ureters to urethra - bypass bladder = no storage

31
Q

What are the circulatory diseases of the LUT?
+what are the causes?

A

a). Haemorrhage - from trauma, septicaemia, viraemia
b). Infarction - from torsion / prolapse

32
Q

What are the degenerative diseases of the LUT?

A

a). Hydroureter/Hydrourethra
b). Acquired anatomic variations of the bladder
c). Urolithiasis - kidney stones

33
Q

What causes hydroureter/ hydrourethra?

A

secondary to partial obstruction + build up of pressure
Hydronephrosis = complete obstruction + anuria

34
Q

What are the 3 different acquired anatomic variations of bladder?

A

*Displacement
*dilation
*rupture

35
Q

What causes displacement of bladder?

A

*abdominal masses
*pregnancy

36
Q

What causes dilation of the bladder?

A

obstruction - can cause loss of muscle tone => 2* bacterial cystitis

37
Q

What causes rupture of the bladder?

A

Dilation
Trauma = RTA (Dog + Cat)
= 2 to obstruction - urolithiasis (ruminants)
= Foals = at parturition, rupture of urachus/ 2 to umbilical
abscessation

38
Q

What does urine in the body cavity cause?

A

Irritant = peritonitis + thickened + reddened omentum

39
Q

What can urolithiasis (kidney stones) lead to?

A

*partial / complete obstruction
*pressure necrosis/ulceration
*acute haemorrhagic inflammation with bacterial overgrowth.
*possible rupture of bladder / urethra

40
Q

What are the different content/minerals of kidney stones?

A

*Struvite = most common
*Calcium Carbonate
*Silicate
*Oxalate
*Urate/cystine

41
Q

What are the predisposing factors of kidney stones?

A

Heredity
Diet
pH
Sex
Species - cats more likely

42
Q

What are the common sites of urolithiasis?

A

Renal pelvis = v painful
ureteral
cystic
urethral = most common

43
Q

What is the LUT inflammatory disease?

A

Cystitis = acute = catarrhal, haemorrhagic, necrotic
= Chronic = polypoid, follicular, metaplastic

44
Q

What are the predisposing factors of cystitis?

A

urine stasis
incomplete voiding
trauma
glucosuria
dilute urine / increased pH
short urethra

45
Q

What are the protective factors from cystitis?

A

frequent voiding
effective urethral sphincters
low pH, high osmolarity
secretory IgA + mucin

46
Q

What are the predisposing factors of Feline Urologic Syndrome?

A

neutered males
dry diets
alkaline urine (struvite)
long intervals between urination

47
Q

What bacterial agent can cause cystitis?

A

E. coli
streptococcus
staphylococcus

48
Q

What toxic infection can cause damage to the LUT?

A

Enzootic haematuria - cattle - bracken associated toxins

49
Q

What damage do these toxins cause to the animal? - bracken

A

epithelial hyperplasia/metaplasia + haemorrhagic cystitis
chronic squamous metaplasia=>dysplasia=>benign=> malignant
haematuria => tumours ulcerate + bleed into lumen
chronic weight loss
sheep = blindness

50
Q

What is needed for proper renal function?

A

1.Adequate blood flow
2. Sufficient functioning nephrons
3. unimpaired drainage/ expulsion of continuous urinary output

51
Q

What are the 3 types of renal failure + causes?

A

1.Pre-renal failure = inadequate blood flow (haemorrhage, shock, cardiac failure, trauma)
2.Intrinsic renal failure = inflammatory, toxic, neoplasia, fibrosis,
congenital defects
3.Post-renal = LUT obstruction, inflamed bladder, dysfunction,
bladder rupture

52
Q

How much renal capacity can you lose without failure, when does the kidneys become insufficient/failure?

A

Can lose up to 50% of capacity
insufficient when 50-70% loss
Failure when over 70% of kidneys lost
But there is compensatory hypertrophy but this has a capacity

53
Q

What is acute renal failure? causes?

A

Sudden loss of 70-100% of kidneys - ischaemia, toxins, obstructions
rapidly progressive but reversible

54
Q

What is chronic renal failure?

A

gradual loss of renal capacity - irreversible
looks shrunken, fibrosis, scarring

55
Q

What is the effect of chronic renal failure?

A

*build up of metabolic waste
*failure of acid base regulation
*failure of fluid volume regulation
*electrolyte + endocrine disturbances

56
Q

What are the reasons for death following chronic renal failure?

A

*dehydration
*acidosis
*hyperkalaemia
*hypocalcaemia
*pulmonary oedema

57
Q

What is uraemia and what are the clinical signs?

A

uraemia = urea in blood = toxic
signs = PUPD, pale pink MM, anorexia, lethargy, weakness, muscle
wasting, hypothermia, mouth ulcers, vomiting, melaena,
non-regenerative anaemia, renal pain, ataxia, coma

58
Q

What are the secondary pathological lesions?

A

Pathology (7 decks)

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