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Pathology > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the airway defence mechanisms? (6)

A
  1. Aerodynamic filtration
  2. Mucociliary escalator
  3. Antibacterial agents - lysozymes lactoferrins
  4. IgA
  5. Protective reflexes
  6. Leucocytes
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2
Q

How does aerodynamic filtration occur?

A

Coiled turbinates = turbulence = particles >10um caught in mucosa
Bronchi filters particles >3um

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3
Q

How does mucociliary escalator work?

A

mucus carpet + cilia beating
physical barrier, prevents dehydration, dilutes soluble gases + Contains antibacterials

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4
Q

What are the factors affecting escalator?

A

Change in viscosity (Temp, dehydration, inflammation)
Injury to epithelium (trauma, infection, chronic irritation => Epithelial metaplasia)

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5
Q

What are the protective reflexes?

A

Cough
sneeze

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6
Q

What are the protective leukocytes?

A

Macrophages
neutrophils

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7
Q

How does viral infection affect epithelial cells?

A

1.Impaired function
2.Cell death + inflammation
3.Poor mucociliary clearance
4.2* bacterial infection
5. Purulent discharge and neutrophils
6.Cell mediated immunity + Antibodies => healing

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8
Q

Diseases of upper airway.
What are the developmental abnormalities?

A

1.Cleft palate
2.Guttural pouch tympany
3.Brachyocephalic airway syndrome

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9
Q

Diseases of upper airway.
What are the circulatory disturbances?

A

1.Epistaxis (blood from nares) - causes = inflm, trauma, neoplasia, clotting defects

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10
Q

Diseases of upper airway.
What are the inflammatory conditions?

A

1.Acute inflammation
2.Chronic inflammation
3.URT infection

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11
Q

What are the 5 signs of inflammation?

A

Redness
Swelling
Heat
pain
Loss of function

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12
Q

What is a polyp?

A

a growth of tissue (seen in cats and horses), if not removed will cause chronic inflammation

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13
Q

What are the causes of airway inflammation?

A

irritants
foreign bodies
parasites
infections - viral, fungal, bacterial

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14
Q

What is a viral, bacterial and fungal URT infection?

A

Viral = IBR
Bacterial = Strangles - guttural pouch empyema
Fungal = Aspergillus fumigatis

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15
Q

Larynx + trachea.
What are the Developmental abnormalities?

A

Hypoplastic trachea (young brachy dogs) - decreased tracheal diameter
Tracheal collapse (Minature + toy breeds) - flattening of cartilage rings
= dyspnoea

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16
Q

Larynx + trachea.
What are the Degenerative diseases?

A

Laryngeal paralysis - choke chain trauma - damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve = atrophy of cricoarytenoid muscles
Equine laryngeal hemiplegia (roaring) - atrophy of LEFT cricoarytenoid M.

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17
Q

Larynx + trachea.
What are the Circulatory disturbances?

A

Laryngeal oedema - causes = local trauma intubation, irritants(smoke), acute respiratory infections, chondritis, allergic reactions

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18
Q

Larynx + trachea.
What are the Inflammatory diseases?

A

Tracheitis/laryngitis

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19
Q

Why are bronchioles vulnerable to damage?

A

Lack supporting cartilage
few cilia
no mucus

20
Q

What is bronchiolitis obliterans?

A

1.loss of epithelium + attachment of exudate
2.exudate infiltrated by WBCs then fibroblasts = polyp formation = lesion in bronchiolar lumen

21
Q

What does chronic bronchitis/bronchiolitis lead to?

A

-increased mucus production - goblet cell + gland hyperplasia + goblet cell metaplasia
-Thickening of mucosa - epithelial + Smooth M. hyperplasia, inflammatory cells+fibrosis
-airway obstruction = dyspnoea, collapse, decreased blood oxygenation

22
Q

What are the causes of chronic bronchitis?

A

1.Cattle lungworm - dictyocaulus viviparus - larval migration = blockage of bronchioles
-adult worm = migration = increase mucus + thickening of mucosa
2.Recurrent airway obstruction (Horse) - type iii hypersensitivity to allergens in mouldy hay = increased mucus + mucosa thickening

23
Q

What are the clinical signs of recurrent airway obstruction?

A

Cough
Mucopurulent exudate
Exercise intolerance
Forceful expiration = abdominal hypertrophy

24
Q

What do the 2 types of pneumocytes do?

A

Type 1 = involved in the process of gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries
Type 2 =secretion of pulmonary surfactant + repair damage, can also differentiate to type 1 to replace lost type 1s as only type 2 can proliferate

25
Q

Disease of lung parenchyma.
What are the Developmental abnormalities?

A

Congenital melanosis - v rare

26
Q

Disease of lung parenchyma.
What are the Abnormalities of inflation?

A

1.Atelectasis - Incomplete distension of lung - lung collapse
2.Emphysema - Excessive inflation of lung

27
Q

What are the causes of atelectasis?

A

i. Complete internal obstruction of airway
ii. External compression of airway or lung
iii. Pneumothorax (partial pressure vs elastic recoil)
iv. Recumbancy (hypostatic atelectasis) in LAs
v. Defective surfactant production (neonates)

28
Q

What are the causes of emphysema?

A

i. Forced respiratory efforts – eg.
pneumonia etc.
ii. Obstructive airway disease
(partial)

29
Q

What are the consequences of emphysema?

A
  1. loss of lung elasticity
    – early airway collapse + trapping of air
    (increased dead space)
  2. loss of pulmonary capillaries
    – reduced alveolar perfusion
  3. fibrosis of remaining alveolar walls (in horses)
    – inhibits gas exchange
    – reduced compliance (greater expiratory effort
30
Q

Disease of lung parenchyma
What are the circulatory disturbances?

A

A. Pulmonary oedema
B. Pulmonary embolism
C. Pulmonary haemorrhage

31
Q

What are the 4 different types of embolisms?

A
  1. Thromboemboli (sterile or
    infected)
  2. Tumour cells - metastases
  3. Fat
  4. Air
    Infarction if block a major vessel
32
Q

What are the common causes of infected thromboemboli?

A

a) Right heart bacterial endocarditis
b) Joint / navel infections
c) Liver abscesses

33
Q

What are the causes if pulmonary haemorrhage?

A
  1. Pulmonary thromboembolism
  2. Trauma (eg dog RTA)
  3. Inflammation
  4. Abscesses/Tumours (erode vessels)
  5. Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage
    (in horses) - occurs in >75% of racehorses
34
Q

Disease of the lung parenchyma
What are the inflammatory conditions?

A
  1. Bronchopneumonia
  2. Interstitial pneumonia
  3. Embolic pneumonia
  4. Granulomatous pneumonia
35
Q

What are the common causes, route of entry and distribution of bronchopneumonia?

A

a) Bacteria (incl mycoplasmas)
b) Aspiration of food / GI contents
c) Viruses
Route of entry: Inhalation
Distribution: Cranioventral

35
Q

What are the common causes, route of entry and distribution of bronchopneumonia?

A

a) Bacteria (incl mycoplasmas)
b) Aspiration of food / GI contents
c) Viruses
Route of entry: Inhalation
Distribution: Cranioventral

36
Q

How does Bovine pneumonic Mannheimiosis /
Pasteurellosis (Shipping fever) occur in calves?

A
  1. Recently weaned and assembled suckled calves
  2. Stress, viral infections, + other factors impair respiratory defence mechanisms
  3. M. haemolytica colonisation of lower respiratory tract
  4. Lysis of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils
  5. Release of WBC lysosomal contents.
  6. Acute damage to bvs leads to fibrinous bronchopneumonia (+ toxaemia)
37
Q

Causes, sites of injury, distribution and routes of entry of interstitial pneumonia?

A

Primary sites of injury:
Alveolar epithelium + capillary endothelium
Causes: viruses, bacteria,
protozoa, helminths, irritants,
allergy and toxins.
Routes of entry:
1. Inhalation
2. Haematogenous
Distribution = diffuse

38
Q

What are the changes of chronic interstitial pneumonia?

A
  1. Interstitial fibrosis
  2. Chronic inflammatory cells
  3. Persistence of type II pneumocytes
  4. Smooth muscle hyperplasia
39
Q

Causes, distribution and routes of entry of embolic pneumonia?

A

Causes = hepatic abscess, right heart valve endocarditis, joint/navel
infections
distribution = random disseminated foci
routes of entry = haematogenous

40
Q

What can embolic pneumonia lead to?

A

fibrosis + resolution
chronic pneumonia
rupture = pyothorax, pneumothorax

41
Q

Causes, distribution and routes of entry of granulomatous pneumonia?

A

Causes = bacterial = mycobacteria - caseous
Parasites = heartworm, viral (FIP), Fungi, Foreign bodies
Distribution = variable, nodular foci
Routes of entry = inhaled, haematogenous

42
Q

What are the degenerative diseases of the pleura?

A

pneumothorax = loss of pressure in lungs

43
Q

What are the causes of pneumothorax?

A

rupture of abscess
perforation of lung/trachea
penetration of thoracic wall

44
Q

What are the circulatory disturbances of the pleura?

A

Pleural effusion - pneumothorax, hydrothorax, haemothorax, chylothorax, Pyothorax

45
Q

What is the inflammatory conditions of the pleura?

A

Pleuritis - classified by type of exudate - fibrinous, suppurative, granulomatous

46
Q

What are the causes of pleuritis?

A

pneumonia
bacteraemia
pyothorax
FIP virus
lung lobe torsion

Pathology (7 decks)

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