Neoplasia Flashcards
What is the difference between a benign and malignant tumour?
A benign tumour will remain localised, it cannot
spread to other sites and can be surgically removed.
Malignant Neoplasms can invade and destroy adjacent
structures and spread to distant sites (metastasis) to cause death”
How do we categorise degree of malignancy?
*Pleomorphism
*Loss of normal tissue architecture
*Increased DNA and RNA content
*Higher number of mitosis
*Atypical bizarre mitotic figures
*Necrosis
*Evidence of local infiltration
*Evidence of Intravasation
What is a prognostic marker?
Marker that provides information on the likely course of the cancer disease in an
untreated individual
What is a predictive marker?
Marker which can be used to identify subpopulations of patients who are
most likely to respond to a given therapy
Whats the difference between grade 1 - 3 tumours
Grade 1 = well differentiated
Grade 3 = poorly differentiated
3 classes of tumours?
*Epithelial
*Mesenchymal
*Round cell tumours
What do epithelial tumour look like grossly?
What is their cytology?
gross = Tend to form solid masses
Cytology = General Features are large cells, with distinct cell margins that tend to
form aggregates (clusters)
Give examples of epithelial tumours.
1.SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
2.HAIR FOLLICLE TUMOURS
3.SEBACEOUS TUMOURS
4.APOCRINE TUMOURS
5.MAMMARY TUMOURS
6.
What are the features of mesenchymal tumours?
grossly =tend to form solid masses, in general solid compact on cut surface
histology =Mesenchymal tumours are formed by more spindloid cells
cytology = General Features are smaller cells than epithelial tumours, which does not form clusters, but can form aggregates with matrix in between. The morphology is spindle compared to the epithelial counterpart
Give examples of mesenchymal tumours.
1.Fibroma/Fibrosarcoma (Fibrous tissue – Fibroblasts)
2.Hemangioma/Hemangiosarcoma (Endothelial cells of blood vessels)
3.Lymphangioma/Lymphangiosarcoma (Endothelial cells of lymph vessels)
4.Leiomyoma /Leiomyosarcoma (smooth muscle cells)
5.Rhabdomyoma / Rhabdomyosarcoma (striated muscle)
6.Lipoma/Liposarcoma (Adipose tissue)
7.Myxoma/Myxosarcoma (myxoid matrix of the connective tissue)
8.Perivascular Wall Tumours / Malignant Perivascular Wall Tumours (support cells surrounding vessels)
9.Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumours / Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumours (nerve support cells)
What are the features of round cell tumours?
grossly =They tend not to form solid masses, generally infiltrating tissues more easily and forming “sheaths” of cells
Histology = Round cell tumours appear formed by cells that are relatively, small and round, which do not create any interconnection between each other.
Cytology = General Features are smaller cells than epithelial and mesenchymal tumours, round in shape which does not form clusters or aggregates.
Give examples of round cell tumours.
1.MAST CELL TUMOURS
2.PLASMA CELL TUMOURS
3.HISTIOCYTIC NEOPLASMS
4.TRANSMISSIBLE VENERAL TUMOUR
5.MELANOCYTIC NEOPLASMS
What are the tumours of the haematopoietic system?
1.LYMPHOMA
2.THYMOMA
3.HYPERPLASTIC SPLENIC NODULES
What are the tumours of the serosae?
1.MESOTHELIOMA
What are the tumours of the GI tract?
1.TUMOURS OF ODONTOGENIC ORIGIN
2.GASTROINTESTINAL CARCINOMA
3.GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMOUR
