URINALYSIS LAB Flashcards
What three major factors do blood composition depend on?
-Diet
-Cellular Metabolism
-urinary output
How many nephrons does the kidney typically have?
2 million
What do the nephrons do in terms of blood composition?
Filter 150 to 180 liters of blood plasma
What is the typical volume of urinary output?
0.8 to 1.8 liters
What substance is responsible for the normal yellow color of urine?
urochrome
Why might urine be amber in color or dark?
Higher/greater solute concentration
What factors can affect the color or transparency of urine?
food, drugs, bile, or blood for color. Transparency can be affected by a urinary tract infection causing it to be cloudy
How can you describe the odor of urine?
ammonia-like
What factors can affect urine odor?
drugs, diabetes, vegetables
What is the pH range of urine?
4.5-8.0
Is the average value of urine regarding pH, more acidic or basic?
acidic (around 6)
What kind of diet can increase the acidity in urine?
Protein or whole wheat diet
What kind of diet can increase the alkalinity in urine?
Vegetarian
What is specific gravity?
the relative weight of a specific volume of liquid compared with an equal volume of distilled water.
What is the specific gravity of distilled water?
1.000 mL
What is the specific gravity of urine?
1.030 mL (customary can range from 1.001 to 1.030)
Why is the specific gravity of urine higher than distilled water?
It contains dissolved solutes
What can you expect from a person who has a specific gravity of 1.001 mL with their urine?
They consumed too much water leading to dilute urine or urine with little solutes, use of diuretics, diabetes, or chronic renal failure
What can you expect from a person who has a specific gravity of 1.030 mL with their urine?
Limited water intake, dehydration
What are some conditions that cause urine to have a high specific gravity?
fever, diabetes, gonorrhea, kidney inflammation
What happens as a result of extremely concentrated urine?
Some of the solutes/substances begin to precipitate or crystallize causing kidney stones(renal calculi)
What percentage does water (largest component of urine) account for in urine regarding volume?
95%
What is the second largest component of urine?
Urea
Where does urea come from?
The breakdown of proteins
What are the three major nitrogenous wastes found in urine?
-urea
-uric acid
-creatinine
(Ammonia)
What is uric acid?
a breakdown product from nucleic acids
What is creatinine?
a metabolite produced from the metabolism of creatinine phosphate in muscle tissue
What are normal solutes found in urine? (in order of decreasing concentration)
-urea
-sodium
-potassium
-phosphate
-sulfate ions
-creatinine
-uric acid
What are some abnormal solutes that can be found in urine?
-Glucose
-Protein Bodies
-Erythrocytes (RBCs)
-Ketone bodies
-Hemoglobin
-Nitrites
-Bile pigments
-Leukocytes (WBCs)
Why might glucose be present in urine?
Diabetes or excessive carbohydrate intake
Why might bile pigments be present in urine?
Hepatitis, cirrhosis, gallstones
Why might a patient have red blood cells (erythrocytes) in their urine if the filtration membrane is still intact?
Trauma to the urinary tract, cancer, diseases, kidney stones
Explain the difference between organized and unorganized sediments in urine
Organized urine sediment consists of biological elements such as leukocytes, erythrocytes, epithelial cells, casts, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and sperm. Unorganized urine sediment contains crystals of various salts, for instance, oxalate, phosphate, urate, and amorphous salts.
What is the presence of erythrocytes in the urine?
hematuria
What is the presence of hemoglobin in the urine?
hemoglobinuria
What is the presence of glucose in the urine?
glycosuria
What is the presence of protein in the urine?
proteinuria
What is the presence of ketone in the urine?
ketonuria
What is the presence of white blood cells in the urine?
pyuria
What is NOT a nitrogenous waste component of urine.
Nitrites
This condition could cause bile pigments to be present in the urine.
Hepatitis
Diabetics could possibly have these two chemicals in their urine on a regular basis.
Glucose and Ketones
