URINALYSIS LAB

Question 1

What three major factors do blood composition depend on?

Answer 1

-Diet
-Cellular Metabolism
-urinary output

Question 2

How many nephrons does the kidney typically have?

Answer 2

2 million

Question 3

What do the nephrons do in terms of blood composition?

Answer 3

Filter 150 to 180 liters of blood plasma

Question 4

What is the typical volume of urinary output?

Answer 4

0.8 to 1.8 liters

Question 5

What substance is responsible for the normal yellow color of urine?

Answer 5

urochrome

Question 6

Why might urine be amber in color or dark?

Answer 6

Higher/greater solute concentration

Question 7

What factors can affect the color or transparency of urine?

Answer 7

food, drugs, bile, or blood for color. Transparency can be affected by a urinary tract infection causing it to be cloudy

Question 8

How can you describe the odor of urine?

Answer 8

ammonia-like

Question 9

What factors can affect urine odor?

Answer 9

drugs, diabetes, vegetables

Question 10

What is the pH range of urine?

Answer 10

4.5-8.0

Question 11

Is the average value of urine regarding pH, more acidic or basic?

Answer 11

acidic (around 6)

Question 12

What kind of diet can increase the acidity in urine?

Answer 12

Protein or whole wheat diet

Question 13

What kind of diet can increase the alkalinity in urine?

Answer 13

Vegetarian

Question 14

What is specific gravity?

Answer 14

the relative weight of a specific volume of liquid compared with an equal volume of distilled water.

Question 15

What is the specific gravity of distilled water?

Answer 15

1.000 mL

Question 16

What is the specific gravity of urine?

Answer 16

1.030 mL (customary can range from 1.001 to 1.030)

Question 17

Why is the specific gravity of urine higher than distilled water?

Answer 17

It contains dissolved solutes

Question 18

What can you expect from a person who has a specific gravity of 1.001 mL with their urine?

Answer 18

They consumed too much water leading to dilute urine or urine with little solutes, use of diuretics, diabetes, or chronic renal failure

Question 19

What can you expect from a person who has a specific gravity of 1.030 mL with their urine?

Answer 19

Limited water intake, dehydration

Question 20

What are some conditions that cause urine to have a high specific gravity?

Answer 20

fever, diabetes, gonorrhea, kidney inflammation

Question 21

What happens as a result of extremely concentrated urine?

Answer 21

Some of the solutes/substances begin to precipitate or crystallize causing kidney stones(renal calculi)

Question 22

What percentage does water (largest component of urine) account for in urine regarding volume?

Answer 22

95%

Question 23

What is the second largest component of urine?

Answer 23

Urea

Question 24

Where does urea come from?

Answer 24

The breakdown of proteins

Question 25

What are the three major nitrogenous wastes found in urine?

Answer 25

-urea -uric acid -creatinine (Ammonia)

Question 26

What is uric acid?

Answer 26

a breakdown product from nucleic acids

Question 27

What is creatinine?

Answer 27

a metabolite produced from the metabolism of creatinine phosphate in muscle tissue

Question 28

What are normal solutes found in urine? (in order of decreasing concentration)

Answer 28

-urea -sodium -potassium -phosphate -sulfate ions -creatinine -uric acid

Question 29

What are some abnormal solutes that can be found in urine?

Answer 29

-Glucose -Protein Bodies -Erythrocytes (RBCs) -Ketone bodies -Hemoglobin -Nitrites -Bile pigments -Leukocytes (WBCs)

Question 30

Why might glucose be present in urine?

Answer 30

Diabetes or excessive carbohydrate intake

Question 31

Why might bile pigments be present in urine?

Answer 31

Hepatitis, cirrhosis, gallstones

Question 32

Why might a patient have red blood cells (erythrocytes) in their urine if the filtration membrane is still intact?

Answer 32

Trauma to the urinary tract, cancer, diseases, kidney stones

Question 33

Explain the difference between organized and unorganized sediments in urine

Answer 33

Organized urine sediment consists of biological elements such as leukocytes, erythrocytes, epithelial cells, casts, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and sperm. Unorganized urine sediment contains crystals of various salts, for instance, oxalate, phosphate, urate, and amorphous salts.

Question 34

What is the presence of erythrocytes in the urine?

Answer 34

hematuria

Question 35

What is the presence of hemoglobin in the urine?

Answer 35

hemoglobinuria

Question 36

What is the presence of glucose in the urine?

Answer 36

glycosuria

Question 37

What is the presence of protein in the urine?

Answer 37

proteinuria

Question 38

What is the presence of ketone in the urine?

Answer 38

ketonuria

Question 39

What is the presence of white blood cells in the urine?

Answer 39

pyuria

Question 40

What is NOT a nitrogenous waste component of urine.

Answer 40

Nitrites

Question 41

This condition could cause bile pigments to be present in the urine.

Answer 41

Hepatitis

Question 42

Diabetics could possibly have these two chemicals in their urine on a regular basis.

Answer 42

Glucose and Ketones