HUMAN REPRODUCTION Flashcards
Chapter 9
What does the reproductive system do?
Prepare the body for reproductive efforts
Our bodies are constantly in survival mode every day. What is the action/mode our bodies switch to for the purpose of reproduction or when there is a reproductive opportunity?
Sexual Response/Reproductive mode
What are the parts of the sexual response cycle?
- Arousal Phase
- Plateau Phase
- Orgasmic (Climactic) Phase
- Resolution Phase
Remember Acronym A.P.O.R.
All People Obey Rules
What is the arousal phase?
Normal activity > reproductive activity
What is the plateau phase?
When our body functions in reproductive mode
What is the orgasmic (climactic) phase?
When reproduction can occur (in some cases it won’t but this is the suggested phase)
What is the resolution phase?
When the body falls back into survival mode after a reproductive event
True or False? The body must go through every single step of the sexual response cycle to reproduce.
False. The sexual response cycle is a biological setup or setting. These steps are not always followed in some cases. Reproduction can still occur without following all four steps.
What are characteristics of the male arousal phase?
-Erection
-Sperm movement from the epididymis
-Increased heart, breath, and metabolic rates
-Increase sweat and oil releases
-Increase cortisol/epinephrine production
What are the characteristics of the female arousal phase?
-Erection
-Relaxation of the vagina
-Increase fluid releases
-Increase heart, breath, and metabolic rates
-Increase sweat and oil releases
-Increase cortisol/epinephrine production
Why must the vagina relax and release fluid?
In order to allow easy insertion of the penis. The vagina is naturally in a flat position so it expands into a circular one while the lining of it releases fluid as well.
What does the release of cortisol and epinephrine(adrenaline) do?
Increase heart, breath rate, metabolism, and blood flow
What are the characteristics of the male plateau phase?
-Continuation of arousal activities
-Flushed skin – Face, ears
-Dilated eyes, open eyelids
-Enlarged, reddened lips
-Mucous release from the bulbourethral gland
What is the name of the mucous released from the bulbourethral gland and what does it do?
Premature ejaculation / lubricates the penis and allows for easier insertion
What is the main characteristic shared in the plateau phase?
The blood flow to external surfaces
What are the characteristics of the female plateau phase?
-Continuation of arousal activities
-Flushed skin – Face, ears
-Dilated eyes, open eyelids
-Enlarged, reddened lips
What occurs to a male during the orgasmic phase?
Ejaculation and contraction of muscles
What is ejaculation?
A quantity of semen with sperm
What occurs to a female during the orgasmic phase?
A spike in fluid releases, contraction of muscles, and the release of oxytocin
What is oxytocin?
A hormone released for the purpose of stimulating muscle contraction
What occurs in the male AND female resolution phases? (these are the same)
-Refractory period
-Decreased heart, breath, and metabolic rates
-Decreased oil and sweat releases
-Decreased cortisol/epinephrine production
What is the refractory period?
A time of non-response (mainly concerning arousal, cannot be done for a certain amount of time)
What phase lasts the longest? Why?
The plateau phase. It is considered to be more of a social aspect instead of a physical one.
What are reproductive controls?
control or coercion over reproductive decisions. AKA birth control, contraceptives
What are some natural mechanisms of reproductive control?
-Sterility
-Infertility
-Abstinence
-rhythm method
-symptothermal method
-coitus interruptus
-natural abortions/marriages
What is sterility?
full inability to affect sexual reproduction. Examples would include the inability to produce sperm or oocytes
What is infertility?
Inability to conceive/reproduce regularly due to certain conditions
What is abstinence?
The act of refraining from something ( in this case: intercourse)
What is the rhythm method?
also known as ‘the calendar method” is a form of natural family planning based on the menstrual cycle
How long does sperm live inside the vagina?
Three to four days
What is the symptothermal method?
When the cycle is observed using more than one fertility awareness method. Typically involving the cervical fluid, basal body temperature, and others.
What is coitus interruptus?
When the penis is removed from the vagina before ejaculation occurs.
What is a miscarriage?
Occurs when the body recognizes the development of the fetus is not normal. Rids of fetus.
What are some examples of physical mechanisms to prevent reproduction?
-condom (covering for penis)
-sponge (covers cervix and is doused with spermicide)
-diaphragm (covers cervix)
-IUD (birth control)
-vaginal pouch (covering for vagina)
What are chemical methods of preventing reproduction?
-The pill (birth control that is to be ingested orally)
-Depo Provera (a contraceptive injection that is HORRIBLE!! LOL typically given in glutes)
-Norplant (birth control inserted into the arm aka bar)
-spermicides
-induced abortions
What occurs after ejaculation?
The sperm travels to the oocyte
What is an oocyte?
Egg before maturation
What must occur for the sperm to travel to the oocyte
The oocyte must be released during ovulation
What is ovulation?
the process in which a mature egg is released from the ovary
How long does an oocyte live if not fertilized?
less than 24 hours
What happens to the oocyte after it is released?
It is surrounded by the zona pellucida and corona radiata (granulosal cells)
What is the zona pellucida?
A thick extracellular coat that surrounds the oocyte
What is the corona radiata
Two to three layers of cells that provide the oocyte with nutrition
How long does the process of sperm getting to the oocyte take?
8 hours
Why does sperm coagulate (solidify) at the cervix?
To protect the sperm from the acidic vaginal environment
How long does it take for the reliquifying of semen to occur after coagulation?
30 minutes
Where does sperm travel after reliquification?
Through the uterus and fallopian tubes
Where does sperm typically meet the oocyte?
The ampulla (a part of the fallopian tube)
What occurs during fertilization?
Multiple sperm penetrate the corona radiata to zona pellucida (protective layers of oocyte)
What is an acrosome and what does it do?
The oval-shaped head of sperm/ they digest the protein matrix of the oocyte aka the protective layer
What occurs when a single sperm contacts the membrane of the oocyte?
The entire zona pellucida solidifies to prevent polyspermy
What is polyspermy?
When 2 or more sperm contact the oocyte membrane
What happens after the sperm penetrates the oocyte?
The secondary oocyte completes meiosis and forms an egg with another polar body
What occurs after the egg is formed?
The chromosomes from the egg and sperm and form a pronucleus inside the egg
What is the egg considered after adapting a pronucleus?
A zygote
What is cleavage?
When the zygote performs mitosis/mitotic division without cell growth. Divides cells continually.
