urinalysis (done) Flashcards
1
Q
define micurate
(1 mark)
A
to urinate
2
Q
define polyuria
(1 mark)
A
excessive production of urine
3
Q
define oliguria
(1 mark)
A
reduced urine output
4
Q
define anuria
(1 mark)
A
complete suppression of urine production
5
Q
define dysuria / stranguria
(1 mark)
A
painful / difficult urination
6
Q
define proteinuria
(1 mark)
A
protein in the urine
7
Q
define urolithiasis
(1 mark)
A
uroliths / urinary crystals present
8
Q
define haematuria
(1 mark)
A
blood in the urine
9
Q
define glucosuria
(1 mark)
A
glucose in the urine
10
Q
why might a urine exam be performed?
(1 mark)
A
assess kidney function, behaviour changes in the animal
11
Q
what diseases can urinalysis help diagnose?
(5 marks)
A
- kidney disease
- liver disease
- FLV
- uroliths
- diabetes insipidus / mellitus
12
Q
patient prep for urine sample?
(5 marks)
A
- ask owner to obtain morning sample as more conc
- obtain sample without meds if poss
- ask when last had meds
- obtain sample before IVFT
- prep owner for transportation + storgae - give them container
13
Q
sample collection methods?
(4 marks)
A
- natural urination (free catch / litter tray)
- manual expression
- catheterisation
- cytocentesis
14
Q
equipment needed for natural urination collection?
(5 marks)
A
- gloves
- commercial, sterile urine collection kit
- clean, sterilised litter pan
- commercial, sterile, non-absorbale cat litter
- steril universal container
15
Q
advanatges of free catch?
(5 marks)
A
- non-traumatic
- quick + easy
- cheap
- non-invasice
- client can obtain sample if given correct instructions
16
Q
disadvantages of free catch?
(5 marks)
A
- poor patient compliance
- mid stream sample different in female dogs
- sample contamination (non-sterile)
- only small amount urine passed may result in insufficent sample obtained (male)
- cat litter may become contaminated if cat defecates
17
Q
equipment for manual expression?
(4 marks)
A
- gloves
- patient restraint
- commercial, sterile urine collection kit
- sterile universal container
18
Q
how to perform manual expression?
(3 marks)
A
- isolate bladder
- gentle pressure (with one / both hands)
- squeeze cranial to caudal
19
Q
advantages of manual expression?
(4 marks)
A
- relativey simple method of urine collection in unconcious patient
- minimal trauma if patient relax
- non-invasive
- cheap if no sedation required
20
Q
disadvantages of manual expression?
(5 marks)
A
- non-sterile sample will be obtained
- can be difficult to isolate bladder id insufficient urine / large abdo
- strong resistance in some concious patients
- risk of bladder rupture if undue pressure exerted / urethral blockage present
- can be distressing for patient
21
Q
equipment needed for urinary catheterisation?
(8 marks)
A
- sterile gloves
- assistant to restrain patient
- sterile 10-20ml syringe
- sterile water soluble lubricant
- adequately sized urinary catheter
- sedative may be required
- sterile container
- speculum for female dogs
22
Q
how to perform urinary catheterisation in male dog?
(6 marks)
A
- clip + prep prepuce
- assistant pull back sheath + restrain dog
- cut packaging to keep catheter steile when advancing
- needs lubricant
- check for urine flush back
- collect sample / flush bladder if needed
23
Q
how to perform urinary catheterisation in male cat
(7 marks)
A
- sedation / GA required
- clip + prep prepuce
- assistant pull back sheath
- cut packaging to keep catheter steile when advancing
- needs lubricant
- check for urine flush back
- collect sample / flush bladder if needed
24
Q
advantages of urinary catheterisation?
(3 marks)
A
- bladder doesnt have to be distended to sample
- quick + easy in males
- other tests may be carried out on bladder at same time (e.g. radiograph contrast study)
25
disadvantages of urinary catheterisation?
## Footnote
(5 marks)
* causes discomfort to patient - commonly GA patient
* skilled technique more difficult in female
* risk of urological infection
* risk of urethral / bladder wall damage
* contamination of sample still occur even with aspectic prep of external genital area
26
what is cytocentesis?
## Footnote
(2 marks)
* gold standard for sterile sampling
* aseptic introduction of needle through abdomen wall into bladder
27
equipment needed for cytocentesis?
## Footnote
(7 marks)
* electric clippers
* detergant scrub
* surgical spirit
* sterile gloves
* sterile hypodermic needle
* sterile 10ml syringe
* sterile container
28
advantages of cystocentesis?
## Footnote
(6 marks)
* quick
* inexpensive, if no sedation
* sterile sample
* no urethral contamination
* infection uncommon
* preffered method for bacterial culture
29
disadvantages of cysocentesis?
## Footnote
(5 marks)
* stressful + painful for patient
* sedation / GA may be required
* skilled technique, training required
* risk of internal damage of bladder / other organs
* can result in false positive for haematuria
30
urine collection + storage?
## Footnote
(4 marks)
* avoid collection without secure lid
* ensure sterile container
* refridgerate 4-8 degrees for 6h
* can freeze but damages cells - still okay for chemical testing
31
what are the urine preservatives?
| (and what urinalysis test it is used for?)
## Footnote
(8 marks)
* boric acid - culture (freezes bacteria)
* tolulene - chemistry
* formaline 10% - cytology
* thymol - chemistry - tablet that maintains chemistry base
31
how soon after collection should urine be tested?
## Footnote
(2 marks)
40-60 mins
if left grows bacteria not present in urine + can form struvite crystals
31
which methods of examination can be done once sample obtained?
## Footnote
(3 marks)
1. physcial properties
2. chemical properties
3. microscopic properties
32
what are the physcial properties of urine?
## Footnote
(5 marks)
* colour
* odour
* turbitidy
* pH
* specific gravity
33
normal colour of healthy cat / dog / rabbit / hamsters?
## Footnote
(5 marks)
* dog - pale yellow
* cat - pale yellow
* (dictated by sex + diet - males have more conc than female and dry diet more conc)
* rabbits - red due to beta-carotene in diet
* hamsters - cloudy
34
what pink / red / reddish brown urine colour indicates?
## Footnote
(1 mark)
prescence of intact RBCs / haemoglobin / myoglobin (uncommon)
35
what orange urine colour indicates?
## Footnote
(1 mark)
bile pigmenets / bilirubin present
36
what dark brown - black urine colour indicates?
## Footnote
(1 mark)
conversion of haemoglobin to methamoglobin in acidic urine myoglobinuria - paracetamol toxicity
37
what yellow / brown - green / brown urine colour indicates ?
## Footnote
(1 mark)
concentrated sample, pseudomonas infection
38
what green / green-blue urine colour indicates?
## Footnote
(1 mark)
methylene blue treatment
39
define turbitidy
## Footnote
(1 mark)
urine contaminated with 'stuff' - causes cloudy appearance
40
what may cause normal urine to become turbid?
## Footnote
(1 mark)
due to phosphate precipitates
41
what may a turbid sample indicate?
## Footnote
(5 marks)
the presence of:
* crystals
* pus
* mucus threads
* excessive WBCs / RBCs
* prostatic / vaginal secretions
42
odour of normal urine?
## Footnote
(1 mark)
slightly sour, ammonia-like odour
43
what odour of urine may indicate?
## Footnote
(3 marks)
* male - stronger smelling
* pungent ammonia in fresh urine - bacteria
* uncontrolled diabetes mellitus - sweet + fruity urine - prescence of ketones
44
define specific gravity
## Footnote
(1 mark)
density / weight of water of a fluid compared to an equal vol of distilled water
45
SG reference ranges for dogs and cats?
## Footnote
(2 marks)
* dog = 1.050-1.045
* cat = 1.020-1.050
46
what non clinical factors may cause an animal to have a higher / lower SG?
## Footnote
(2 marks)
* dry diet - slightly higher than wet
* IVFT / high water intake - low SG
47
what does urine dipstisk test for?
## Footnote
(10 marks)
* glucose
* bilirubin
* ketones
* SG
* blood
* pH
* protein
* urobillinogen
* nitrate
* leukocytes
48
glucose on dipstick test?
## Footnote
(3 marks)
* small amount present in urine - insufficient to be detected
* usually inidcates overload but can indicate tubular dysfunction
* can see false negatives on cold samples
49
bilirubin on dipstick test?
## Footnote
(2 marks)
* dogs (usually male) have small amount bilirubin present
* info on liver - particularly cholestasis
50
ketones on dipstick test?
## Footnote
(4 marks)
* indicated production of excess ketones as result of negative energy balance
* false negatives with delayed testing, interference by other chemicals / drugs
* not usually seen in urine
* positives associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism etc
51
SG on dipstick test?
## Footnote
(2 marks)
* measures conc abilities of kidneys
* can be incorrect check with refractometer
52
blood on dipstick test?
## Footnote
(2 marks)
* false negatives if RBCs settles out
* positives can result from haematuria, haemoglobinuria, yoglobinuria - prescence of these is abnormal
53
pH on dipstick test?
## Footnote
(3 marks)
* not very accurate
* tells us how kidneys respond to acid-base disturbances / dealing with the normal acid load produced from amino acid metabolism
* avoid contamination of this pad from protein pad
54
protein on dipstick test?
## Footnote
(3 marks)
* not usually present in urine
* false positives not uncommon - can be due to alkaline urine
* better test is creatine ratio test
55
urobilinogen on dipstick test?
## Footnote
(3 marks)
* metabolite of bilirubin
* not useful in small animals as often false negatives + positives freq occur
* abscence of it cannot be detected on dry reagent strip
56
nitrate on dipstick test?
## Footnote
(3 marks)
* not found in urine
* can also be produced by some bacteria
* not useful in small animals
57
leukocytes on dipstick test?
## Footnote
(4 marks)
* can see false negatives in dogs
* false positives in cats
* shows pyuria but doesnt measure conc of leukocytes in sample
* primarily detects neutrophils
58
microscopic components of urine?
## Footnote
(8 marks)
* crystals
* cells
* spermatazoa
* bacteria, fungi + yeast
* casts
* parasites
* fat droplets
* artefacts
59
clinical conditions that can influence crystal production?
## Footnote
(5 marks)
* genertic predisposition
* bacterial infection
* diet
* concurrent illnesses
* medication
60
what are casts?
## Footnote
(6 marks)
* = short, cylindrical structures with parallel sides and tapered ends
* predominantely composed of protein secreted by epithelial cells lining the renal tubules
* cells naturally shed over course of animal life
* apperance of one / two per low power field considered normal
* excessive no. may indicate renal disease process
* waxy or granual - depend where is shed
61
info of fat droplets (lypurea)?
## Footnote
(4 marks)
* commonly seen _ vary in size
* fat cells float up under cover slip to different plane of focus to other cells
* can occur as artefact due to catheter lubrication.
* prescence may indicate diabetes mellitus, obesity and hypothyroidism
62
when may an artefact contaminate the urine?
## Footnote
(1 mark)
during collection, transportation or examination of the sample
63
what could appear as an artefact?
## Footnote
(5 marks)
* hair
* bubble
* crystals
* dirt
* grass
